SLAVE    NARRATIVES
A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
From Interviews with Former Slaves
TYPEWRITTEN RECORDS PREPARED BY r
THE FEDERAL WRITERS' PROJECT
1936-1938
ASSEMBLED BY
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS PROJECT
WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SPONSORED BY THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Illustrated with Photographs
WASHINGTON 1941
VOLUME VI
KANSAS NARRATIVES
Prepared by
the Federal Writers1 Project of
the Works Progress Administration
for the State of Kansas
INFORMANTS
Holbert, Clayton                                                                                                   1
Sirama, Bill                                                                                                              8
Williams, Belle                                                                                                   14
THE AMERICAN GUIDE                                                         WORDS i  1,720          l-
TOFEKA, KANSAS                                                                  COMPIETEt  lOOjg        f*
EX SLAVE STORY                                                                  BY* Leta Gray (interviewer)
OTTAWA, KAHSAS
"My name is Clayton Holbert, and I am an ex slave* I am eighty-
six years old. I was born and raised in Linn County, Tennessee. My
master's name was Pleasant *Plesf Holbert. My xoaster had a fairly large
plantation; he had, I imagine, around one hundred slaves.*
WI was working the fields during the wind-up of the Civil War*
They always had a man in the field to teach the small boys to work, and I
was one of the boys. I was learning to plant corn, etc. My father,
brother and uncle went to war on the Union side."
f,We raised corn, barley, and cotton/ and produced all of our
living on the plantation. There was no such thing as going to town to
buy things. All of our clothing was homespun, our socks were knitted,
and everything. We had our looms, and made our own suits, we also had
reels, and we carved, spun, and knitted. We always wore yarn socks for
winter, which we made. It didnft get cold, in the winter in Tennessee,
just a little frost was all. We fixed all of our cotton and wool our-
selves.11
*For our meat we used to kill fifteen, twenty, or fifty, and
sometimes a hundred hogs. We usually had hiokory. It was considered
the best for smoling meat, when we butchered. Our meat we had then
was the finest possible. It had a lot more flavor than that which you
get now9    If a person ran out of meat, he would go over to his neighbors
house, and borrow or buy meat, we didnft think about going to town.
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When we wanted fresh meat we or some of the neighbors would kill a hog
or sheep, and would divide this, and then when we butchered we would give
them part of ours. People were more friendly then then they are now.
They have almost lost respect for eadh other. Now if you would give your
neighbor something they would never think of paying it back. You could
also borrow wheat or whatever you wanted, and you could pay it back
whenever you threahed."
"We also made our own sorghum, dried our own fruits. We usually
dried all of our things as we never heard of such a thing as canning.11
"We always had brandy, wine, and cider on hand, and nothing
was thought of it. We used to give it to the children even. When we
had corn husks, log rolling, etc., we would invite all of the neighbors
over, and then we would serve refreshments of wine, brandy or cider.11
"We made our own maple syrup from the maple sugar trees. This
is a lot better than the refined sugar people have nowdays, and is good
for you too. You canft get this now though, except sometimes and it is
awfully high priced. On the plantations the slaves usually had a house
of their own for their families. They usually built their houses in a
circle, so you didn't have to go out doors hardly to go to the house
next to you. If you wanted your house away from the rest of the houses,
they could build you a house away from the others and separate."
"I was never sold, I always had just my one master. When
slave owners died, if they had no near relatives to inherit their
property, they would •Will1 the slaves their freedom, instead of giving
them to someone else. Vty grandmother, and my mother were both freed
like this, but what they called 'nigger traders1 captured them, and
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twro or three others, and they took them just like they would animals,
and sold them, that was how 'Pies1 Holbert got my mother. My grand-
mother was sent to Texas. My mother said she wrote and had one letter
from my grandmother after that, but she never sair her again."
*ity mother used to be a oook, and when she was busy cooking,
ray mistress would nurse both me and her baby, who was four weeks older
than me. If it happened the other way around, my mother would nurse
both of us. They didn't think anything about it. When the old people
died, and they left small orphan children, the slaves would raise the
children. Viy young master was raised like this, he has written to me
several times, since I have been out here in Kansas, but the last time
I wrote, I have had no reply, so I suppose he was dead.11
"When anyone died, they used to bury the body at least six
feet under the ground. There wasn't such a thing as a cemetery then,
they were just buried right on the plantation, usually close to the
house. They would put the body in a wagon, and walk to where to bury
the person, and they would sing all of the way.*
"The slaves used to dance or go to the prayer meeting to pass
their time. There were also festivals we went to, during the Christmas
vacation. There was always a big celebration on Christmas. We worked
until Christmas Sve and from that time until New Year's we had a
vacation. We had no such thing as Thanksgiving, we had never heard of
such a thing."
"In August when it was the hottest we always had a vacation
after our crops were all laid by. That was the time when we usually
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fc
had several picnics, barbecues or anything we wanted to do to pass our
time away.11
"After the war was over, and ay father, brother and uncle had
gone to war, it left my mother alone practically. My mother had always
been a cook, and that was all she knew, and after the war she got her
freedom, she and me, I was seven or eight years old, and ny brother was
fourteen, and iny sister was about sixteen. My mother didn't know what
to do, and I guess we looked kind of pitiful, finally my master said
that we could stay and work for him a year, people worked by the year
then. We stayed there that year, and then we also stayed there the fol-
lowing year, and he paid us the second year. Aftar that we went to
another place, Hoof Macaroy, and then my sister got married while we
were there, and then she moved on her husbands' master's place, and then
we went too* After that I moved on another part and farmed for two or
three years, and then we moved to another part of the plantation and
lived there three or four years. That was almost the center of things,
and we held church there. All of the colored people would gather there.
The colored people who had been in the North were better educated than
the people in the South. They would come down to the South and help
the rest of us. The white people would also try to promote religion
among the colored people. Our church was a big log cabin. We lived
in it, but we moved from one of the large rooms into a small one, so
we could have church. I remember one time after we had been down on
the creek bank fishing, that was what we always did on Sunday, because
we didn't know any better, my maptec called us boys and told us we
should go to Sunday school instead of going fishing. I remember that
—5-                                                                                                                                       <fr
to this day, and I have only been fishing one or tvro times since. Then
I didnft know what he was talking about, but two or three years later
I learned what Sunday school was, and I started to go."
"I went to a subscription school. We would all pay a man to
come to teach us. I used to work for my room and board on Saturday's,
and go to school five days a week. That would have been all right, if
I had kept it up, but I didn't for very long, I learned to read and
write pretty good though. There were no Government school then that
were free.11
"We didn't have a name. The sLaves were always known by the
master's last name, and after we.were freed we just took the last name
of our masters and used it. After we had got our freedom papers, they
had our ages and all on them, they were lost so we guess at our ages.*
^ost of the slave owners were good to their slaves although
some of them were brutish of course.*
"In 1877 a lot of people began coming out here to Kansas, and
in 1878 there were several, but in 1879 there were an awful lot of
colored people immigrating. We came in 1877 to Kansas City, October 1.
We landed about midnight. We came by train. Then there was nothing but
little huts in the bottoms. The Santa Fe depot didn't amount to any-
thing. The Armours' Packing house was even smaller than that. There
was a swinging bridge over the river. The Kaw Valley was considered
good-for-nothing, but to raise hemp. There was an awrful lot of it
grown there though, and there were also beavers in the Kawr River, tod
they used to cut down trees to build their dams. I worked several
years and in 18$© I came to Franklin County.n
V
fk
6
*We  raised a lot of corn, and castor beans. That was the money
crop. Corn at that time wasnft hard to raise. People never plowed their
corn more than three times, and they got from forty to fifty bushels per
acre. There were no weeds and it was virgin soil. One year I got seventy-
two bushel of oorn per acre, and I just plowed it once. That may sound
'fishy* but it is true.11
nThere used to be a castor bean mill here, and I have seen the
wagons of castor beans lined from Logan Street to First Street, waiting
to unload. They had to number the wagons to avoid trouble and they
made them keep their places. There also used to be a water mill here,
but it burned.*
"There were lots of Indians here in the Chippewas. They were
harmless though. They were great to come in town, and shoot for pennies.
They were good shots, and it kept you going to keep them supplied with
pennies, for them to shot*with their bows and arrows, as they almost
always hit them. They were always dressed in their red blankets.*
"I have never used ones for work. They were used quite a bit,
although I have never used them. They were considered to be good after
they were broken.*
*I was about twenty-two years old when I married, and I have
raised six children. They live over by Appanoose. I rained my health
hauling wood. I was always a big fellow, I used to weigh over tiro
hundred eighty-five pounds, but I worked too hard, working both summer
and winter.*
father fs mother lived *fcill she was around ninety or a
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hundred years old* She got so bent at the last she was praotically
bent double. She lived about two years after she was set free.*
"I used to live up around Appanoose, but I came to Franklin
County and I have stayed here ever since.*
11 r\\ v •' \:\
THE AMERICAN GUIDE                                                WORDS*    1,748
TOPEKA,  KANSAS                                                         CQMPDETEi    ltfflL                              *            8
EX SLAVE STOHY                                                         INTERVIEWER s    Lsta Gray
OTTAWA, KANSAS
"Ify name is Bill Simms."
"I was born in Osceola, Missouri, March 16, 1839."
WI lived on the farm with my mother, and my master, whose name
was Sinrms. I had an older sister, about two years older than I was* KFy
master needed some money so he sold her, and I have never seen her since
except just a time or two.*
"On the plantation we raised cows, sheep, cotton, tobacco,
corn, which were our principal crops* There was plenty of wild hogs,
turkey, ant tevr  and other game. The deer used to come up and feed
with the cattle in the feed yards, and we could get all the wild hogs
we wanted by simply shooting them in the timber.*
"A man who owned ten slaves was considered wealthy, and if he
got hard up for money, he would advertise and sell some slaves, like
my oldest sister was sold on the block with her children. She sold for
eleven hundred dollars, a baby in her arms sold for three hundred dol-
lars. Another sold for six hundred dollars and the other for a little
less than that. My master was offered fifteen hundred dollars for me
several times, but he refused to sell me, because I was considered a
good husky, slave. My family is all dead, and I am the only one living*
"The slaves usually lived in a two-room house made of native
lumber* The houses were all small. A four or five room house was con-
sidered a mansion. We made our own clothe** had spinning wheels and
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raised and combed our own cotton, clipped the wool from our sheep's
backs, combed and spun it into cotton and wool clothes. We never knew
what boughten clothes were. I learned to make shoes when I was just a
boy and I made the shoes for the whole family. I used to chop wood
and make rails and do all kinds of Arm work* *
"I had a good master, most of the masters were good to their
slaves. When a slave got too old to work they would give him a small
cabin on the plantation and have the other slaves to wait on him.
They would furnish him with victuals, and clothes until he died.*
f,Slaves were never allowed to talk to white people other than
their masters or someone their master knew, as they were afraid the
white man might have the dave run sway* The masters aimed to keep
their slaves in ignorance and the ignorant slaves were all in favor
of the Rebel army, only the more intelligent were in favor; of the
Union amy."
"When the war started, ray master sent me to work for the Con-
federate arny. I worked most of the time for three years off and on,
hauling canons, driving mules, hauling ammunition, and provisions.
The Union army pressed in on us and the Rebel army mored back. I was
sent home. When the Union army came close enough I ran sway from home
and joined the Union army. There I drove six-mule team and worked at
wagon work, driving ammunition and all kinds of provisions until the
war ended. Then I returned home to ny old master, who had stayed there
with ts^ mother. My master owned about four hundred acres of good land,
and had had ten slaves. Most of the slaves stayed at home. My master
hired me to work for him. He gave iay mother forty acres of land with a
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cabin on it and sold me a forty acres, for twenty dollars, when I could
pay him. This was timbered land and had lots of good trees for lumber,
especially walnut. One tree on this ground was worth one hundred dollars,
if I could only get it cut end marketed, I could pay for my land. My
master's wife had been dead for several years and they had no children.
The nearest relative being a nephew. They wanted my master's land and
was afraid he would give it all away to us slaves, so they killed him,
and would have killed us if we had stayed at home.  I took my mother
and ran into the adjoining, Claire County. We settled there and stayed
for sometime, but I Wanted to see Kansas, the State I had heard so much
about."
ttI couldn't get nobody to go with me, so I started out afoot
across the prairies for Kansas. After I got some distance from home
it was all prairie.  I had to walk all day long following buffalo
trail. At night I would go off a little ways from the trail and lay
down and sleep. In the morning I'd wake up and could see nothing but
the sun and prairie. Not a house, not a tree, no living thing, not
even could I hear a bird.  I had little to eat, I had a little bread
in asy pocket. I didn't even have a pocket .knife, no weapon of any
kind. I was not afraid, but I wouldn't start out that way again. The
ofaly shade I could find in the daytime was the rosin weed on the prairie.
I would lay down so it would throw the shade in my face and rest, then
get up and go again. It was in the spring of the year in June. I
came to Lawrence, Kansas, where I stayed two years working on the farm.
In 1874 I went to work for a man by the month at |&5 a month and I
made more money than the owner did, because the grasshoppers ate up the
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crops. I was hired to cut up the corn for him, but the grasshoppers
ate it up first. He could not pay me for sometime. Grasshoppers were
s/> thick you couldnft step on the ground without stepping on about a
dozen at each step. I got my money and came to Ottawa in December 1874,
about Christmas time."
"My masterf 8 name was Simms and I was known as Sinrnfc Bill, just
like horses. When I came out here I just changed my name from Sinnfc
Bill, to Bill Simms."
"Ottawa was very small at the time I came here, and there were
several Indians close by that used to come to town. The Indians held
their war dance on what is now the courthouse grounds. I planted the
trees that are now standing on the courthouse grounds. I still planted
trees until three or four years ago. There were few farms fenced and
what were, were on the streams. The prairie land was all open. This
is what North Ottawa was, nothing but prairie north of Logan Street,
and a few houses between Logan Street and the river• Ottawa didn't
have many business houses. There was also an oil mill where they
bought castor beans, and made castor oil on the north side of the
Marai6 des Cygnes River one block west of Main Street. There was one
hotel, which was called Leaf ton House and it stood on what is now the
southwest corner of Main and Second Streets."
"I knew Peter Kaiser, when I came here, and X*  P« Elder was
just a boy then."
"The people lived pretty primitive. We didn't have kerosene*
Our only lights were tallow candles, mostly grease lamps, they were
jUst a paii with grease in it, and one end of the rag dragging out over
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the side which we would light* There were no sewers at that time."
"I had no chance to go to school when a boy, but after I came
to Kansas I was too old to go to school, and I had to work, but I at-
tended night school, and learned to read and write and figure."
"The farm land was nearly all broke up by ox teams, using a-
bout six oxen on a plow. In Missouri we lived near the Santa Pe frail,
and the settlers traveling on the trail used oxen, and some of them
used cows. The coirs seem to stand the road better than the oxen and
also gave some milk. The travelers usually aimed to reach the prairie
States in the spring, so they could have grass for their oxen and horses
during the summer.*
*I have lived here ever since I came here. I was married when
I was about thirty years old. I married a slave girl from Georgia*
Back in Missouri, if a slave wanted to marry a woman on another plan-
tation he had to ask the master, and if both masters agreed they were
married. The mail stayed at his owners, and the wife at her owners.
He could go to see her on Saturday night and Sunday. Sometimes only
eveiytwo weeks. If a man was a big strong man, neighboring plantation
owners would ask him to come over and see his gals, hoping that he might
want to marry one of the, but if a Negro was a small man he was not
cared for as a husband, as they valued their slaves as only for what they
could do^ just like they would horses. When they were married and if
they had children they belonged to the man who owned the woman. Osceola
is where the saying originated, fIfm from Missouri, shew me.1 After the
war the smart guys came through and talked the people into voting bonds,
but there was no railroad built and most counties paid their bonds, but
the eounty ia which Osceola stands refused to pay for their bonds be-
-6-
cause there was no railroad built, and they told the collectors to
fshow me the railroad and we will pay,1 and that is where 'show mef
originated.11
"My wife died when we had three children.  She had had to
work hard all her life and she said she didnft want her children to
have to work as hard as she had, and I promised her on her death bed,
that I would educate our girls. So I worked and sent the girls to
school. My "two girls both graduated from Ottawa university, the oldest
one being the first colored girl to ever graduate from that school.
After graduation she went to teach school in Oklahoma, but only got
twenty-five dollars a month, and I had to work and send her money to
pay her expenses. The younger girl also graduated and went to teach
school, but she did not teach school long, until she married a well-
to-do farmer in Oklahoma. The older girl got her wages raised until
she got one hundred and twenty-five dollars per month. I have worked
at farm work and tree husbandry all my life. My oldest daughter bought
me my first suit of clothes I ever had."
ttI have been living alont about twenty-five years.  I donft
know how old I was, but my oldest daughter had written my mother be-
fore she died, and got our family record, which my mother kept in her
old Bible. Each year shr writes me and tells me on my birthday how
old I anwtt
Told by Bill Simms, ex slave, age 97 years, Ottawa, Kansas»
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THE AMERICAN GUIDE                                            WORDS:  1,200             .    * «
TOPEKA, KANSAS                                                     COMPLETE:  100#             *¦   -*-'*
EX SLAVE STORY                                                     INTERVIEWER: E. Jean Foote
HUTCHINSON, KANSAS
Belle Williams was born in slavery about the year 1850 or
1851. Her mother's name was Elizabeth Hulsie, being the slave of Sid
Hulsie, her last name being the name of her master.  The Hulsie plan-
tation was located in Carroll County, Arkansas.  Belle Williams, better
known as "Auntie Belle,18 is most interesting. She lives in her own lit-
tle home in the one hundred block on Harvey Street, Hutchinson, Kansas•
She is too old and crippled to do hard work, so spends most of her time
smoking her pipe and rocking in her old armchair on the little porch
of her home. She is jolly, and most interesting.
"Yes, I was a slave," she said.  "I was born a slave on a
plantation in Carroll County, Arkansas and lived there 'till after the
war.  Law sakes, honey, I can see them 'Feds1 yet, just as plain as if
it was yesterday. We had a 3ong lane - you know what a lane is - well,
here they come I    I run for mah mammy, and I111 never forget how she
grabbed me and let out a yell, 'It's them Feds, them blue coats.f
"You see my massa was a good massa. He didnrt believe in
whipping niggers and he didn't believe in selling niggers, and so my
mammy and me, we didn't want to leave our mistress and massa. We
called them 'Mother Hulsie' and 'Massa Sid.1 One officer told my
mammy that she could take along with her, anything out of the cabin
that she wanted? Mammy looked around and said, 'I don't want to take
nothin1 but my chillun,f so we all told Mother Hulsie 'goodbye,' and
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when icy mammy told her goodbye, why Mother Hulsie cried and cried, and
said, fI just canft let you go, Elizabeth, but go on peacefully, and
maybe some day you can come back and see me.111
As the story came word after word, big tears dropped on the
thin black hands, and she reached for her tobacco can and pipe. The
can was missing, so I offered to get it for her, for I was anxious
for one peep into "Auntie's*1 little house, but I couldn't find the can,
so after moans and sighs, she got to her feet and found her favorite
Granger Twist. After settling; again in her chair, and when her pipe
was at its best, "Auntie" continued, "Oh, honey, it was awful J You
see I never been nowhere and I was scairt so I hung onto my mammy.
The soldiers took us to camp that night, and after staying there several
days, we went on to Springfield, Missouri, and it was right at fifty-
two years ago that I came here. I was married to Fuller, my first
husband and had seven chilluns. He helped me raise them that lived
and, after he died, I married Williams and had two chilluns, but he
didn't help me raise my chilluns. Why, honey, I raised my chilluns and
my chilluns' chilluns, and even one great-grandchild now. Why, I always
been a slave. I worked for all the early white families in this here
town that needed help."
I asked "Auntie" if she were ever sold on the block, and
she answered, "Law sakes, honey, I must tell you. No, I never was
sold, but nuthin' but the Dear Blessed Lawd saved me. You see Massa
Sid had gone away for a few days, and his boys was takin' care of
things, when some nigger traders came and waited to buy some niggers,
and they picked on my grandmamray and me. How old was I? Well, I reckon
15
-3-
I was about fourteen* You see, honey, I never could read or write,
but I can count, and I can remember - Lawdyi how I can remember.
Well, there I was on the block, just scairt and shivering - I was
just cold all over - and them there nigger traders was jest a talkin1,
when down that long lane came Massa Sid, and Ifm tellin f you, it
was the Dear Lawd that sent him. He was a ridin* on his hoss, and
he stopped right in front of me, standing there on the block. He
looked at his boys, then he turned to them nigger traders and yelled
out, 'What you all doinT here?f  The boys told him there was just so
many niggers on the place, and they wanted some money and when the
nigger traders come along they thought they would sell a few niggers.
Honey, I'm tellinT you, Massa Sid turned to them nigger traders and
said, 'you nigger traders get out of here. Ihese are my niggers and
I donft sell niggers. I can feed them all, I don11 want any help.' !f
He grabbed me right off of the block and put me on the hoss in front
of him and set me down in front of my cabin. Sceered, oh Lawdy I
was sceeredl No, suh, Massa Sid never sold no niggers/'
111 must tell you about what happened one night while we were
all there in the camp. One of the massa's boys that loved my uncle,
came crawling on all fours, just like a pig, into camp* He passed the
pickets, and when he found my uncle he laid there on the ground in my
uncle's anas and cried like a baby. My uncle was old but he cried too
and after a while he told the boy that he must go back - he was ffraid
that the pickets would see him and he would be shot, so he went with
him, crawling on all fours just like a pig, till he got him past the
pickets, and our young master never saw my uncle any more. Oh, honey,
16
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them was heart-breakin1 times• The first night we was in camp, my
mammy got to thinking about Mother Hulsie and how she was left all
alone with all the work, and not a soul to help her. The blue coats
had gone through the house and upset everything, so in the morning
she asked the captain if she could ask just one thing of him, and that
was that she and my uncle go back to Mother Hulsie just for the day,
and help put everything away and do the washing* The captain said they
couM go, but they must be back by five ofclock, and not one nigger
child could go along, so they went back for the day and mammy did all
the washing, every rag that she could find, and my uncle chopped and
stacked outside the house, all the wood that he could chop that day,
and then they came back to camp# My mainmy said sheTd never forget
Mother Hulsie wringing her hands and crying, !0h Lawd, what will I
do,1 as they went down the land."
17