NORTH-AMERICAN REVIEW I~D MISCELLANEOUS J t)TTP N AL. N. IV ~OVM1BER, fl31f~. ~T7 ~~te~fl A descripUo it of the ~n~lis~ prorK... of ~Jt~rolaaa, b~ the S!pantards caled Florida, an~ W; i. c~ Pi ei~ch L#t. Lonisiane. As also of the great and f.inous rtrer Ilieschasebe or Thliississipi, the five vast navi able Lakes of fresh water, and the parts adjacent. TQI;elher with an account of the commoditie of the growth and pro~ Suction of the said Province. And a preface cont& i - some considerations on the consequences of the French making ettlements there. By Daniel Coxe, Fsq. London, printed for B. Cowse, at the Pose and Crown in & . Punts Churchua.r{ 17~, 8vo. pp. 180 with a map. 1nis is a crude performance, drawn p from various journals and voya~es, to impress the publick with the great importance 01 the region described, and to make them jealous of its occupation by the French. Under this name of Garolana, was comprehended the present St Ac of Geor- gia, the two Floridas. and Louhiana ; and this whole 1erri~ tory was claimed by Dr. Coxe, the father of the author, as proprietor of it under the crown. in the app~ndi~ is given a document, dated Whitehall, December ~1st, 1699, and signed by seven members ol the Privy Conncii arid Jaw ~7 11. No. 4. 3 Book. relating to Amer& . officers, in which having examined the claim by order of the ministry, they report to the king as their opinion, that Dr. Coxe is entitled to this province! Prebably there is no other instance on record of any private individual pretend. lag to such an extensive property. Recherckes philosophiques ant lea knericains, on memoi- tea interressanta pour aeruir a Phietoire de leapece Imumaine. Par IL de Pan. Nonuelle edition, augmen- tie dsm dissertation critique par Dom. Pernety, tIde La defense de lauteur des reckerches contre cette diaserta- tin. Studio disposta jIdeli. a Berlin, 1774, 3 vol.. l2rno. pp. 916. Examen des recherches pkilos~ki~nr lAmerique et lea Americafrns, el a e we te cet onurage, a Ber- lin, 1771,2 vole. 12 mo.pp. 921. This work of M. de Pan on the aborigines of the Awed- can continent, excited much attqntion at a time when the character of she Indians was imperfectly known; and it was subject to all the exaggeraticin which th. spirit of party can produce, denied by one side as being absolutely brutal and vicious, and extolled by the other as possessing eve7 virtue. The question is now well understood, and their virtues and vices fairly appreciated. Historians and phi. losophers will hereafter be able to speak of this species of men with accuracy, when the race shall have become ex- tinct, which will probably happen at no very distant period. M. de Pau imagined a very absurd theory, which he does not clearly explain; but the basis of it seems to be, that the continent of America was recently recovered from the watersthat its climate was pestilentialits productions diminutive and feeble in every thing but noxious rlants, insects and reptiles, which were produced in frightful abundance by the stagnant waters, and sour, rank juices of nature in an unripe state. To support this strange theory, he uniformly asserts, that every European production speedily deteriorated; plants, animals and men were all stunted or destroyed, and the latter both morally and phy- sically degraded. The savages he considers infinitely be- low every other species or men, even Tartar; LaplandErs, Hottentots, or Negroes ~ and the descendsuts ef Europe 181$i.] Books relating to America. U ans as not much superiour to them. To call a Spaniard, horn in America, an American, is so cruel an insult to him, that you may be sure beforehand, that he will never part n the person who dares make him such a reproach the Portugese, French and English Creoles, consider themselves equally offended if they are called Americans: so mcch do they hold themselves superiour to men of that race, and indeed they are so in many respects, but not so much as they imagine. A curious instance of his rashness in denying any fact that ma~ es against his theory, and positive manner of assmi- ring his readers that not hin~ of the kind existed, occurs in regard to the famous hieroglyphical inscription at Dighton, in Massachusetts. Permit me to undeceive you further about another fact,~ equally false, to which the memoir of the French academician has given rise: it has been pub- lished throughout Europe, that there had been found in the centre of New-England, a stone which contained an 4 inscription in Thibetian characters, which is, as you know, the country where the G and bama resides. After hay- ing procured all the information possible, about this pre tended monument, I can boldly assure you, that no in- scription in any character whatever has ever been dis ~ covered in the whole extent of America, from the country of the Esquimaux to the extremity of Terra del Fuego. This New-England rock is like the medal of Julius Cae- sar, which was said to have been du~ up among the sav- ages called Cesareans, in ~he nei ~hbourhood of Pataaonia. Fro~n which you may jutl e to what degree they have dared to asse:t the mo~t rn iediole things, to support the most absurd systems. This work of L)e Pans d scox e s a good deal of research into the history of diffeten natiom, but the most perverse use is nie of his matei ials and his ignorance of the real character of the I mlia1 s ia mo~ pi~ofomind. The work is written in a tyle of pctnlance and sarcasm, often adopted by those who have been c lIed philosophers in modern times, thomm~h not hin~ c~ n be more opposed to the true spirit of philosophy. Dom. Peru 8r, a & nedicti!le, ~ho had been in one or two provinces of South Am~ica, atac~ ed De Pau, in. Tb othi w~ s the vovr~e of tim Grand Laru~ ~a At~erica, 4, Books relating tb AtntriUL (riotm a critical dissqrtation read to the Academy of Berlin.. This dissertation, however, is declamatory, and elevates the character of the savages too highly tit is in the opposite a- tremo to De Pan. To this the latter replied, chapter by chapter, not in & very fair way, often misquoting his antago- nist, and dealing his sarcasms unsparingly.. This brought azt a rejoinder from Dom. Pernety, in two volumes, much more ably written than his first work, in which lie exposes the blunders and umaiM, conduct of De Pau. One of the points in dispute between them, is the existence of the gi3llts of Migellan, or Patagonians; and it is strange that ma this topick them should have been so much contradictioii~ and even uncertainty. Nothing seems more incredible, and yet it is hard to account for the partleular relations of so many persons of ditferent nations, who in the course of one or two centuries, visited that country, and insisted upon having seen them, and been among them for days together; P. lAmertque et tea knericafna, on obswtationa cvrien- sea dv Pluilosoplae La Dove.., qvi a patton?. eel 04 mi up he. pendant la derniereduerre, en faisant I. noble metier de Inn lea hommes sans lea manger. A Berlin,. 1172, lfAmo..pp.. 11.6.. The anonymous author of this little work, who, accord- ing to the title, had been 6 employed in the noble trade of killing men, without eating them, says, that he has traversed North and part of South America, visited the West India Islands, gone over part of the Coast of Africa, visited Chi- na, a part of India,. and travelled by land from the Persian. Gulf to Constantinople, all in the course of five years. This personal. knowledge of so many barbarous er half civilised nations,.gives him, as he asserts,. a considerable advantage in forming a judgment on the character of the American In diana, whom it is his object to defend against the statements of N Pan. It is written in a lively manner, and evidently by an eye witness of thy Indian mode of living. Thong in French, judging froaa some peculiar woads, the author was probably a German officer. The two concluding para- graphs will give an idea of his manlier, though the j1oint at It. close cannot be exactly rendered in English.. S 815.1 Books relntissg to Auwrics The savages think they please; they eat when they are hungry; they sleep when they are sleepy; they walk about when they choose; they de not torment themselves 6 about the future, and their labours are their amusements. It is true that they have the villainous custom of some- 6 times eating their prisoners. This is the life of a hog, it will be said; this mode of living cannot however be so bad as it may be supposed te be, since three fourths of our noblemen live in the same manner; the diferenee between them and the savages is, 6 that instead, like the latter, of eating thefr prisoners, they often consume thefr creditors? An historical journal of the campaigns in North America for the years 1751, 1158, 1159 and 1160, con& ht~r.ths most remarkable occurrences of that perttod, v the two sieges of Quebec, It Ac. the orders of the Admt- rats and general officers, description of countries where the author has served, with their forts and garri- sons; their climates, soil,produce, and a regular diary of the weather. Is also several manffestoes, a mandate of the late Bishop of Canada, the French orders ant dispositions for the defence of the Colony, Ac. Ac. bj~ Captain John Knot, dedicated by permission to Lieu- tenant General SW Jeffery Amherst. London, 1169. TinS *lumes, 4to. pp. 870. with portraits of Generals Amherst and ro(fr. These are tw, heavy tedious volumes. The first one pa ficularly, being principally taken up with a journal of his garrison residence in Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, where be was locked up in small forts, from which they could not venture a mile, without risk of attack from the Acadians and savages. The war between the English and French in this quarter, seems to have been carried on by both parties with the utmost barbarity. It had all the hor- rid features of Indian warthre, plundering, burning, and scalping. The second volume, which narrates the opera- tions before Q,uebec,tbe baffle in which Wolfe and Mont- calm lost their lives, the capture of the city, and the final capitulation of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, and surrender of the Canadas to General Amherst, is interesting in spite .1 the author. 8 hook relating to America. (Nov. There are two anecdotes of New-England sailors that are worth transcribing. On their passage front Europe, and being separated (mm the fleet on the coast of Nova-Scotia, they fell in with a Massachusetts privateer, which at first alarmed them very much, as several prisoners were on the deck, dressed in bag wigs and sharp cocked hats, which had been taken out of a French vessel that the privateer had captured a few days before. The captain offered to pilot them into Halifax, and for this purpose the two vessels kept together. In the afternoon we happily escaped run- ning foul of the privateer by the carelessness of his and our helmsmen: tie American was immensely terrified, and instead of exerting himself as a British tar would do in like imminent danger, fell upon his knees to pray: whereupon the captain of our ship was obliged to give di- rections with his speaking trumpet, for the guidance of both ships, till at length by exerting the greatest actiiity, we cleared him; and this accident gave the New-England man such a dislike to our company, that he bore away and left us. Vol. l.p 12. The Endeavour narrowly escaped being dashed to pieces against a cliffon the south side of the Bay, which by the darkness of the morning and the haziness of the wea- tIter, they did not discover, until thp vessels bowsprit struck against the rock; it was not however broke, though it was curved; this was early on the 18th, the whM mowing hard at north, with a mountainous sea. The poor New- England seamen, according to their custom, were going to prayers, and ready to resign themselves to Providence; bitt our soldiers, by the example of their officers, exerted themselves very spiritedly and cleared her oft p. 124. Tempora mutanlnr. New-England seamen now put their shoulders to the wheel and pray to Jupiter afterwards. It is impossible to read any English work on the subject of America in former times, without hailing most devoutly the glorious epoch, that redeemed us from colonial degradation. Praise of his own countrymen and abuse of the enemy, constantly occur in the most vulgar style and manner. There is not a single description worth citing, unless the following zany be considered ant exception. A soldier of the High- lauders, was this day killed by lightning, and two others were much scorched. The rains in the summer season 1815.] Books relating to Arneric~. are exceedingly heavy, the thunder inconceivably loud1 and the lightning most beautifully dreadful. Vol. 2, p. 344. The work contains all the general orders, proclaina- tiotis, & c. and has many materials for the history of the memorable campaigns of 1759 and 1760. A couc ire acconat of Norlh Anierica: containing a de~ scr~ption of the seceral tritish Colonie on th~t coum ~ en!, inclndin~ the islands of Nenfonnd~cu. d, Cape Bre- ton, & c. (~s to their silnc lion, extud, dim ale, soji, pr- dii: e, rise, governments, religion, p resent boar davies. and the nainber of inhabitants ipposed to be in each. Also of the interior or n)esterl9~ parts qf the co ~ntr,y~ upon the rivers St. Lenren cc, the i~issis& ~pi, Christina and Ike great takes. To rhich i~ ojuired an accoin of the several nations and tribes oj hdan residino in thme parts, as to their c istoms, mar ners, oorernn ci I, nambers, & c. containing m ~ny a efal and ci tertaining facts necer bfore trettcd cf. Ij ~io~ Robert Roge s. London, 1 76.5, 8vo. pp. 214. This is the work of an officer, who serxed in, and tra- veiled over many parts of the extensixe re~~on~ that he has attempted to describe. It is a compendious, and for the period when it was written, not inaccurate account, of the British colonies. The title-page is a pompous one, but the work is rather a meagre ab. tract of the history of the At- Ian tick States, and a brief account of the country bordering on the great lakes and rivers of the west. The entertain- ing facts never before treated of, are hard to be discovered; perhaps the following conjecture respecting the fogs of New- foundland may be classed under this head, and as it wa adopted by captain Knox, the author of the precedinj work, to account for the fogs of Nova-Scotia, it was proba- bly the received theory in military circles at that period. These coasts are observed to be extremely subject to fogs, occasioned by the vapours, which are exhaled from the lakes, swamps and bogs, with ~vhich the island abounds, as is generally supposed: but perhaps is more owing to the vast shoals of fish and sea animals which frequent these coasts, whose breath, wa mth, and motion, occasion vapours to arise from the sea: hence 1 imwlne it is, that Books reiceting to America. tNov~ notwithstanding the almost perpetual fogs here, the air is wholesome and agreeable to most constitutions, which would hardly be the case if they sprung from bogs, swamps, and fresh water lakes. p.8. The quantity of knowledge in the world certainly increases, and probably at this time a sergeant-major would hardly attribute the fogs of Newfoundland, to the breathings and gambols of cod fish and porpoises. The author discovers some warmth in his relation of the practices of Rhode-Island; and this, with the conjecture just quoted, are the only entertaining p arts of his work. The form of government here is in a I respects the same as in the colony of Connecticut. They are not however so scrupulou~ in keeping up to the terms of their charter, often dispensing with it in some pretty essential points, and taking liberties, not only detrimental to the other pro- vinces, but even to the nation; especially in times of war, by carrying on an illicit trade with the enemy, and supplying them with the most material articles. This they have certainly done with impunity, to my certain knowledge, in the course of the ate war, when many scores of vessels went loaded with beef, pork, flour, & c. under the pretest of flags, which for a certain considera- tion could always be procured from their governor; when at the same time rerhaps, they carried not more than one or two French pnsoners, dividing the crew of one French merchantman they had taken, among a whole fleet of flags truce, laden with articles more welcome to the enemy, than all the prisoners with the ships and cargo they took from them. Nor can it be greatly wondered at, that their governor should fall in with so clandestine a method for the procurement of a livelihood; when it is considered that they allow him but fifty or sixty dollars a year for his maintenance: besides, as he is annually elected, so there are always two or more, that are competitors for the gov- eminent; and generally, he that distnbutes the most cash, and gives the best entertainment, let him be merchant, farmer, tradesman, or what he will, is the man who obtains a majority of votes, which fixes him in the chair, (death only excepted) for that year. These election expenses generally run high, as each candidate endeavours to excel his competitor, and, if all put together, would amount to 1815.] Book. relating to America. a reasonable maintenance, and must be refunded some way or other during his reign, who happens to be elected, and Lpronsion made to act the same part over again nest year. rji.je author asserts these (acts on his own knowledge, but bujposing some of them to be exaggerated, this inference at least may be drawn, that incompetent salaries are impob- tick and degrading. An account of the countries adjoining HudRons Bay in the north-west part of America; containing a de- scription of their lakes and rivers, the nature of the soil and climates, their methods of commerce, of shew- ing the benefit to be made by settling Colonies, and opening a trade in these vans; whereby the French will be deprived in a great measure of their trafilde in furs, and the communication between Canada and the Mississipi cutoff. With an abstract of Capt. Middle- tons journal, and observations on his behaviour du- ring his voyage and since hia rdnrn. To which are added; 1. a letter from Bartholomew des .Fonte, Vice Admiral of Peru. and Mexico, giving an account of his voyage from Lima in Peru, to revent or seize upon any ships that should attempt to nd a north-west pas- sage to the South Sea. iL An abstract of all the dis- coveries which have been published of the Islands and countries in and adjoining to the great Western Ocean, between America, India and China, & c. pointing out the advantages that may be made, if a slwrt passage should be found through Hudsons etreig/& t to that ocean. IlL The Hudson Bay Company s Charter. IV. The standard of trade in those parts of America, with an account of the exports and profits in ode annu- ally by the Hudsons Bay Company. V. Vocabularies of the languages of several Indian nations adjoining to Hudsons Bay. The whole intended to shew the great probability of a north-test passage, so long de- sired, and which, ~ discovered, would be of the highest advantages to these kingdoms. By Arthur Dobbs, Eq. London, printed 1744, 4to pp. 211, with a map. An account of six years residence in Hudsons Bay,from 1130 to 1736, and from 1741 to 1141, by Joseph Rob- son, late surveyor and supervisor of buildi..gs to list Vol. II- No. 1 2 Book. relating to America. (Nov. Hudsons Bay Compan~g. Containin a nnetzi% fads, observations and dtscotieries, tendsng to 5 The vast importance of the countries about Hudsons Bay to Great Britain, on account of the extensive im- provements that may be made there, in many beneficial articles of commerce, particulari in the furs, and in the whale and seal fisheries, and The interested views of the Hudsons a ompany, and the absolute neces- sity of laying open the trade, and making it the object of national encouragement, as the only method of keer ingiout of the hands of the French. To which is added, an Appendix; containing, 1. A short historpj of the discovery of Hudsons Bay, and of the proceedings of the English there, since the rant of the Hudsons a charter, together with remarks on the papers and evidence, produced by that company before the committee of the Honourable House of Commons, in the year 1143. Ii. An estimate of the expense qf building the stone fl.,t, called the Prince of ratess Fort, at the entranCe of Churchill river. Ill. The soundings of Nelson river. IV. A survey of the course of Nelson river. V. A survey of Seal and Gilt ams Island, and FL A journal of the winds and tides at Churchill river, for p art of the gears 1146 and 1747. The whole illustrated hip a draught 9 Aelson and Hayes rivers; a draught cjf Churchill river, and plans of York fort and Prince of Waless fort London, 9732, Otto. pp. iTS. ThE present state of Hudsons Bay, containing a fiJI description of the settlement and the adjacent country; end likewixe of the fur trade, with hints for its is. prorernent, i-c. to which are added, remark. and ob- servations made in the inland parts, during a residence of nearly jour years; a specimen of Jive Indian lan guage. and ajournalofajourneyfrom ont real to New. York. lijy Edward Umfreuille, eleven years sn the service of 11w Hudsons Bay Company, and four years in the Canada fur trade. London, 1790, Ovo. pp. 230. These three works resemble each other in two points, though writ ten at different periods: in enmity to the End- sons Bay Company, and in being very uninteresting. Thq monopoly of that company seems quiet and durable. The 1815.] Book relating to America. 11 fur trade of the north, is now principally in the hands of the Canada merchants; but, if the monopoly of the Company did not interfere, moore advantage might be derived from some branches of the fisheries in Hudsons Bay. The stock of the Company is Jn the hands of a very few individgais, who conduct their affairs unnoticed by the publick, and who lock up the vast and dreary regions included in their charter, making no settlements, and only sending about TOO tons of shipping, one voyage annually. The long tide pages of the two first, are a complete table of contents. A great part of them is taken up with shewing the probability of a north- west passage, a question that has since been fully decided in the negative. The only passages of interest in Umfrevilles book, are a dose; iption of a most horrible massacre of the wretched Esquii;nux, by a party of northern Indians whom he accom- panleit; and a very singular and cruel adventure that befel three of I heir factory men, who were sent out on an excur- sion to kill game. In crossing a river, they passed over upon the ice, and when at a long distance from the shore, they found themselves to be on a floating field of it. This drifted with the tide out of the mouth of the river into the bay, the flood tide brought it back, but it did not reach the shusre; the ebb carded it out again; and in this manner they were floated about for a week, and this in the month of January, on the shores of Hudsons Bay. Two of them perished, the third escaped to the shore on the eighth day, the ice having fortunately grounded on the side of the river. He reached the fort and survived, though with the loss of some of his limbs. In Mr. Dobbs work there is a mysterious story, which was new to me, but which may perhaps have been investi- gutted by others. it is in the letter of Admiral da Foote, giving an abstract of his voyage, made by order of the king of Spain, to intercept adventurers, who, after the exan:ple of Hudson, were endeavouring to find a north-west passage. He sailed from Lima in 1640. The iTth (of July) they came to an India town, and the Indians told their inter- preter, Mr. Parmentiers, that a little way from them lay a great ship, where there had never been one before: they sailed to them and found only one man advanced in years, a youth; the man wan the greatest man in the mechani. 12 Books relating to America. tNov.~ cal parts of the mathernaticks he had ever met with. The admirals second mate was an Englishman, an escellent Seaman, as was his gunner who had been taken prisoner in Campeachy, as well as the maste?s son. They told him the ship was of New-England, from a town called Bos ton. The owner and the whole ships corn p any came on board the 30th, and the navigator of the shipXaptain Shap- 1ev, told him his owner was a fine gentleman, and Major General of the largest colony in New-England, called Mies- sachu.ue?ts; so he received him like a gentleman, and told him, his commission was to make prize of any people seek- ing a north-west or west passage into the South Sea, but he would look upon them as merchants, trading with the natives for beavers, otter and other furs and skins, and so for a small present of provisions he had no need of, he gave him has diamond nng which cost him 1200 pieces of eight (which the modest gentleman received with diffi culty) and having given the brave Captain Shapley for his fine charts and journals 1000 pieces of eight, and the Owner of the ship Senor Gibbons a quarter cask of good Peruan wine, and the ten semen each twenty pieces of eight, the 6th of August with as much wind as they could fly before, and a current they arrived at the first fail of the river ParmentierL p. 127. Mr. Dobbs in concluding his comments on Da Fontes letter, makes the following re marks on this strange Boston ship. In two days from thence he (the Spanish Admiral) came to an Indian town, probably about fat. 00, near which the Boston ship lay; so that it may be imagined that the Boston ship had passed into some of the openings near Whale Cove, and got to Eat. Oo. or perhaps 59, and was trading for furs, and the iship mizht hare been afterwards lost or surprised by the Esquimaux upon her return, having but twelve or thir- teen hands on board, since no account of this voyage was ever transmitted flow Boston. Upon inquiry made by order of Sir Charles Wager, whether any of the name of Sliapley, which was the masters name, lived at that time in Boston, it appeared from some writings that some of that name then lived in Boston, which adds to the weight of Da Fnnes letter. P wo.d indeed be a curious cii- cum~ance if a Boston ship had visited the westetn shore of America in 1640. 1815.] As Address, he. 13 From Robsons book I can find only one passage worth transcribing, an.I that merely to relate a ludicrous situation. While I was at Churchill river, I went out one after- 6 noon with my gun towards Esquimaux point, and among some large stones that lie thereabout, discovered an enor- mous hear. Not being above a quarter of a mile distant from the house, I was not much alarmed at the sight of this animal, but crept forwards with a design to shoot him. By this time he had winded me, and was making towards me, I suppose with the expectation of meeting with a ~oot1 prey; for presently afer,wlien I raised myself be- hind a stone to or him, he was reared on the other side to look for me. The surprise was mutual, depriving both of the power of hurting each other; for he, (us nng suddenly on his If md feet, made oft with great precipha. tion; and I having lout my recollection, did not think of firing till he was omit of my reach. An Address delivered to the P1.1 Beta Kappa Society, at their anninreary meeting at Cambridge. By Wa LikE TUDoR, junior. I feel some apology to be necessary, in appearing before you, gentlemen, on the present anniversary, out of the com- mon routine of succession. When your committee honour- ed me with their choice, I could not forget that I had not fulfilled a similar duy, a few years since; and my respect to: the society made me embrace their second proposal almost without hesitation, to atone as far as it would be in my power, for a previous interruption in my engagements. In accepting this invitation I was awn of the embarrass- ment, that would attend the selection of a topick for this address. To the anxiety about the mode of treating a suE- ject, is addcd a responsibility for its choice. Placed amid the whole circle of literature, the unlimited nature of the pcospect, and unrestricted course that is open, creates a feeling of vagueness and confusion, which bewilders the mind; whatever path be preferred, is entered with hesita- tion, if new, h may lad only to uninteresting objects, and if beaten, how can it be hoped, that a point of view, a species of fruit, or even a single flower will be found, that has not already been selected by those who hare preceded?

1815.] As Address, he. 13 From Robsons book I can find only one passage worth transcribing, an.I that merely to relate a ludicrous situation. While I was at Churchill river, I went out one after- 6 noon with my gun towards Esquimaux point, and among some large stones that lie thereabout, discovered an enor- mous hear. Not being above a quarter of a mile distant from the house, I was not much alarmed at the sight of this animal, but crept forwards with a design to shoot him. By this time he had winded me, and was making towards me, I suppose with the expectation of meeting with a ~oot1 prey; for presently afer,wlien I raised myself be- hind a stone to or him, he was reared on the other side to look for me. The surprise was mutual, depriving both of the power of hurting each other; for he, (us nng suddenly on his If md feet, made oft with great precipha. tion; and I having lout my recollection, did not think of firing till he was omit of my reach. An Address delivered to the P1.1 Beta Kappa Society, at their anninreary meeting at Cambridge. By Wa LikE TUDoR, junior. I feel some apology to be necessary, in appearing before you, gentlemen, on the present anniversary, out of the com- mon routine of succession. When your committee honour- ed me with their choice, I could not forget that I had not fulfilled a similar duy, a few years since; and my respect to: the society made me embrace their second proposal almost without hesitation, to atone as far as it would be in my power, for a previous interruption in my engagements. In accepting this invitation I was awn of the embarrass- ment, that would attend the selection of a topick for this address. To the anxiety about the mode of treating a suE- ject, is addcd a responsibility for its choice. Placed amid the whole circle of literature, the unlimited nature of the pcospect, and unrestricted course that is open, creates a feeling of vagueness and confusion, which bewilders the mind; whatever path be preferred, is entered with hesita- tion, if new, h may lad only to uninteresting objects, and if beaten, how can it be hoped, that a point of view, a species of fruit, or even a single flower will be found, that has not already been selected by those who hare preceded? 14 As Address delivered 1. [Nor. In reflecting on this choice, a complaint that has been often urged, occurred to recollection. It has been said that one reason why we have not produced more good poems, was owing to the want of subjects, and though The poet eye In aim phreauy roiling, Glances ft.. Heave to earth, from earth to Heaven, and makes the universe his domain, yet that the sppropri- ate themes of other countries had been exhausted by their own poets, and that none existed in ours. Thinking this opinion to be unfounded, the attempt to prove the latter part of it to be so, may furnish a theme for this discourse, during the few moments, that I can presume to solicit your attention. The early history of illustrious nations, has been the source of the great masterpieces of poetry: the fabulous ages of Greece are the foundation of the 11usd and Odyssey, end the same period gave Virgil his hero tot the Sueid. Many modern epicks have taken the heroes of the earlier periods, and revolutions of modern times. The American ltevolu- tion ma some centuries hence, become a fit and fruitful subject for an heroick poem; when ages will have couse- crated its principles, and all remembrance of party feuds and passion., shall have been obliteratedwhen the infe- flour actors and events will have been levelled by time, and a few memorable actions and immortal names shall remain, the only monuments, to engage and concentrate the adini- ration of a remote posterity. From the close of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century many most interesting e~ents took place on this continent, and circumstances have concurred with time in casting a shade of obscurity resembling that of antiquity, over the transactions of that period; while, by the great revolutions which have since happ~ned, the connexion between those days and our own is interrupted, and they arc so disconnected with the present era, that no passionate feeling is blended with their consideralion; they ere now exclusively the domain of history and poetry. All the communities then standing have passed away, or exist under new relations. The remarkable Confederacy of Indian tribes under the name of the five nations is ex- tinct. The foundations of the French Empire in America l815.1 the Phi Beta Kappa Society. 16 have been torn up, the possessions that were once French are now held by the British, and the English colonies have become an indi~pendent nation. All these changes have insulated this portion of history, and divested it of the irritation attenaanl on recent political affairs. Time region in which these occurrences took place. abounds with grand and beabtiful scenery, possessing some peculiar features. The numerous waterfalls, the enchant- in3 beauty of Lake George and its pellucid flood, of Lake. Champlain, and the lesser lakes, afford many objects of the most picturesque character; white the inland seas from Superiour to Ontario, and that astounding cataract, whose roar would hardly be increased by the united murmurs of all the cascades of Europe, are calculated to inspire vast and sublime conceptions. The effects too of our climate composed of a Siberian winter and an Italian summer, furnish peculiar and new objects for description. The circumstances of remote regions are here blended, and strikingly opposite appearances witnessed in the same spot, at different seasons of the yearIn our winters, we have the sun at the sante altitude as in Italy, shining on an unlimn. ited surface of snow, which can only be found in the higher latitudes of Europe, where the sun in the winter rises little above the horizon. The dazzling brilliance of a winters day, and a moon-light night, when the utmost splendour of the sky is reflected from a surface of spotless white, attended with the most excessive cold, is peculiar to the northern part of the United States. What too can surpass the celestial purity and transparency of the atmosphere in a fine autumnal day, when our vision and our thoughts seem carriod to the third heaven; the gorgeous magnificence of their close, when the sun sinks from onr view, surrounded with varied masses of clouds, fringed with gold and purple, and reflecting in evanescent tints, all the hues of the rain- bow.* * There Is no clImate In the world that preset. more remarkable eantrasts than that of the middle and northern parts of the United States. Boston, for Instance, Is in the latitude with Rome, the aid in winter Is occasleally as Intense, and the snow deep at Stockholm and St. Petersburg; but the hardly gleams en then Ia the winter months. while here his rays are shed from the same altitude as In Italy, and Ipterrupta dnrlngthe day that severity of cold, Induced jIG An Addnsa delivered to (toy, A most remarkable feature in the landscape at this same season, and which those who see it for the first time must behosd with astonishment, is the singular appearance of the woods; where all the hues of the most live y flowers, the vivid colours of tulips, are given to the trees of the forest,. by the prevalence of the winds in the western quarter, coming tous ovtr a continent of such vast extent covered with dense forests which shadow the earth, and prevent the sun from warming and drying its surikee. Our climate at rds some of the wont, and some of the finest wnther that can be felt in any part of the world. The spring general NY Ii the most capricious and disagreeable, the antaren the mellowest and most serene. Pomona who are in the habit of remarking the ap- p~arance of the atmosphere, cannot full of admiring the citreme bean- ly of the sky at most seasons of the year. To witness the e eSets, it Is necessary In Europe to get into the same latitudes. The climate o Y.n~and. modified by an Insular situation, and the wide spread culti- vation of its surfitee, is peculiarly temperate, hut constantly vapoury and humid. France and Germany colder and warmer than lKngland, instill more temperate titan the United States; it is necessary to cress the Alps, to find the sante bright and beautiful atmosphere that surrounds us. In England it is seldom that any distant object can be seen dis- tInctly, and there is always such a degree of haziness In the air, that oven neichbouring objects are never so clearly defined as they are under a ~ur.r sky; the artists of the Con;lnent commonly reproach the art- ists of England with carrying this Imitation of nature In their own cointry. Into their representations of the scenery of others. and in their eU%raviuis, (the remark was made particularly in criticising that mag- nif~cent work, 8tuarts Antiquities of Athens,) giving the misty, Indis- tinct outline, which they wore accustomed to. and which Is not without h beauties, bait which was entirely foreign to the appearance of oldects in Jreece. This same effect of great distinctness, which is common to time souh of Europe, may very often be seen hero, especially in the sumansr. Any person may Julge of this in a clear day, by regarding elevated buildings, lookin~ from the sun, and observing with what sharp- at~ss and distinctness their edges and an lea are ed, and how bold the relief, and distant She sky nicedes. Time mosteareless eye can hard- ly fall to be struck with the beauty of an evening sky, after sunset, and the appearance of the western horizon, when the darkness has encroach- ed on the eastern. On a summer or autumnal evening, when there are no eJonds, as the twilight is advancing, the purity, transparency, Ml- lianity and harmonious subsiding and blending of the warmer tints horn where the sun has set, to the tine sAbre oscuro of the opposltepoint, where the shadows of night are approaehi7, will aflbrd a few minutes of delizhthl contemplation to the lover o nature. In contending hr this splendourof our atmosphere which, has sometimes been denied it, I am well aware of all its disadvantages, and would gladly tao a little less brilliance and a little more comfort; bait, as we are fully sensible, and in habitually repining at its ineonvenicaces, it is wall to know what compensation may be derived from its beauties. To the poetard the artist it is replete with picturesque elbet. 1615.] the Phi Beta Kappa Society. 1~ and nature appears in a moment of capricions gayety to have attired the groves in the gaudiest and most fantaslick livery. Nothing comparable to this effect can be seen in any part of Europe.* Many other beauties of inanimate nature might be enu. merated, and these just mentioned are only cited, as being * This singular and beautlihi appearance of the thrests, is peculiar to this country. It arises pertly from the greater variety of trees, and perhaps from the early occurrence of frosts, when the leaves are still vigorous and filled with Juices, and which may ho decomposed by the cold, so a. to produce these vivid colours; when they might merely fade and he partially changed, if their Miii was not produced prema~ turely. The forests in Europe in their autumnal dress, have any shades of brown and yellow intermixed, but, there is nothing equal to the effect produced here. To select two of our forest trees, for instance, the white ~lnut and the maple, these trees attaining the height of forty feet and upwards, and the whole Foliage of the form.. or of the brigitest yellow, and the latter the deepent scarlet. No artist has hitherto ventured to give this appearance in its 11111 efihet. There are many features in our forest scenery, that are highly beanti.. MinI from their uriety and strong contests. Europeans who have a kuwledge and love of botany always admire them. Most of our trees and plants have been transplanted into the ni.rseries of Europe, and arc much in request for all their ornamental plantations, is only the aspect of our forests, but the general aspect of our country. waich have both been too much neglected by the American poets, who have written tmineir descriptions more from the study of the elassick poets of aujelent and modem Europe, than from meibtating the scenes Muguliar to them. A painter who only makes pictures from copying the ideas and style of the great masters, without animating his manner by a study of nature, may produce correct, bat always cold and dry performances. Descriptive poetry, which borrows the fashion of other countries, however clasaick its allusions, will he languid and spiritless, it will no raciness, and can never be readeredinteresting. The gene~ry~y~~omy of tho United States is dtlbrent fromi its buildings, its cultivation, its art cial objects have many peculiar features. There is nospecies of cuttEr.. tion in Europe, not even the vine, except when cultivated on espaliers, or pendant beiwecn trees, which is seldom scin. that can cosapar. with a bid of Indian corn, next to the sugar cane the richest in ap. poaranee of all plants. The care and labour which is bestewcd on th;s ~in in the~tern States, the neatness and beauty of its appear.. ance, form a strong contra4 with the too careless and neglected appearance of other fields. This is the most splendid of all the gifts of. ENS, and it is ddftcuit to say, whether it is most pleasing to the eye In its growin; state, or at the period of hones, when the ripened, luxuriant ears, arc discovered through their faded covering. It would extend this note too far to notice at I thne oh peculiar in souse degree to our scenery. Jects, thatmay ho eitedss Vol. 11. No. .1. 3 [Nova is Au A ddrav detiveret So in a degree peculiar. These extensive and variegated forests afford shelter to a variety of animals, beautiful in form and curious in their habits, such among others, are the beaver and the deer; and to birds of most exquisite plumage. The graceful shape and various species of some of the diuxi- uiitive quadrupeds, the very abundance of some of these animals, and of certain kinds of birds, which almost darken the ne in their flight, serve te enrich and animate the scenery. Prominent among objects of thi. class, is the king of birds, Jove~s own imperial Eagle, the sacred em- blem of our country: Formed by nature for braving the ~ cold, feeding equally on the produce of the set and of the land, possessing powers of flight capable of out- stripping even the tempests themselves; unwed by any but man; and from the etherial heights to which he soars, looting abroad at one glance to an immeasurable expanse ol forests, fields, lakes and ocean deep below him, ho appears indifferent to the little localities of change of seasons; as in a few minutes he can pass from summer to winter, fro.n the lower to the higher regions of the atuxo- sphere, the abode of eternal cold, and from thence descend at will to the torrid and arctick zones of the earth.* 113 the same territories are found those enormous bones of ani- mails now extinct, that have generated so many fables among the savages, and specu!atiuns among philosophers; and those extensive fortifications so buried in obscurity, that even tradition is silent respecting them ;objects which iead te that mn~ing on former times most propitious to po.try. Such are some of the subordinate subjects that would be fnaitluI of allusion, and fertile in description to the poet. The hu!nan actors on this theatre are still more. striking, and their history replete with interest and ronisixtick adven- ture. The English and French were founding extensive ernpirei* here, anti their contiguous possessions produced a century of conflicts, which terminated at last, in the exclu sive poirer of the former. European affairs were more than once afiected by the disputes of these two nations in the regions of Canada, anti the decision of the most importtznt contoRts on the Old Continent has been produced by the issue of operations in the remote wilds of Noath America. wikots Ornithology. 1615.] tie. At Bet. Kappa Secitty. I. The period also was of great interest in European annals b France and England were rivals in glory, both in erts and arms. Between these powers were interposed the AborigInes,. who became the afliusotthsse nations and the most efficient part of theirforce. Before speakin; more particularly of thena, it will be necessary to deprecate the prejudices naturaily entertained on the subject, from what we now see. The degenerate, miserable remain of the Indies nations, which have dwindled into insignificance anal linger. ed among us, the tide of civilization has flowed, mere floating deformities on its surface, poor, squalid and ener- vated with intoxicating liquors, should no more be taken for the representatives of their ancestors, who first met the Europeans on the edge of their boundless forests, severe and untamed the regions they tenanted, than the Greek slaves, who now tremble at the frown of a patty Turkish tyrant, can be considered the likeum of their immortal progenitors, of those imv~able band; before whom at Flatwa, Thermopyle and Marathon, the whole Persian esipire broke and subsided like the waves of the sea, against time rocks they defend6d. To form an idea of what they once were, to mthem in the energy and originality of their $mitive condition, we must now journey a thousand miles. They possemed a. many traits in common with.some of the nations of antiquity, that they perha a exhibit the coun- terpart of what the Greeks were in Le heroiek ages, and particularly the Sparta during the vigour of their in- stitutions Their origin ha bean the source of many theories and conectures, few of which are more reasonable than tIut suggestion of Spencer in his Fairy Queen; that they are the descendants of the man whom Prometheus animated by stealing fife from Heaven. Whether this race of men could like the Greeks have gradually acquired civi- lization, or whether they are a distinct species incapable of being tamed, my be uncertain: sudden civilization at least, has been abets to be impossible; they diminish and waste before its progress, like Cn.w before the vernal influence. The sublime allegorical painting of Guido,* in which Apollo encircled by the hours, is chasing night and her 0b the Despiglied Fake. at Dome. 20 As Addresa delivered te fNor. shadows over the surface of the globe, might almost repre- senf the extinction of our savage precursors before the dawn of science and cultivation. The history of these people then is not less interesting, since in a short period they will exist no where else, and even in the next century, the Indian warriour and hunter will perhaps only be found on the shores of the Pacifick ocean. The virtues and vices of the original inhabitants of Am. rica, hare been generally exaggerated by their enemies or admirers. It would be as foolish to vindicate the one, as to deny the other; bosh grew out of their condition: the influence of civilized society destroyed the former and nourished the latter. Their virtues were hospitality, reve- rence to age, unalterable constancy in friendship, and undaunted fortitude in every species of enterprise and suffer- ing. They lived in a state of proud savage equality, and had no esteem for any merit except that which was derived from superiority in the arts of hunting, war, and eloquence. These were their general characteristicks, but the diXerence between Indian, was almost as great 55 among En:opean nations, and the inferiority of some to others was quite as remarkable as that which exists between civilized pe.;p!e. Asiong those who were distinguished, few are more emi- nent, tb:tn the confederated tribes, which were first known to us, under the name of the Five Nations. These nations resided originally in the district where now stands Montreal. T.;e A.gouquins lived more in the interiour. The former were r,eaceable in their habits, and subsisted by cultivating tue erh; the latter were warlike, and depended on hunt- ing; the two nations were friendly and exc an ed their corn and venison. At a certain period, when game was scarce, the Algonquins requested the Five Nations to send them soaa;e of their young men, to assist in the increased toil of procuring food. These becoming very expert huntamen, were murdered by the Algonquin employers out of jealousy and apprehension. When complaint was made of this treacherous cruelty, they only blamed the murderers, and made some slight presents to the injured people, fearless of the resentment of a nation, who subsisted by the effeminate employment, as they esteemed it, of agriculture. The Iive Nations determined on revenge, which being discovered by 1815.] th. Phi Beta Kappa Society. 2~1 the Algonquin; they resolved to reduce them to absolute obedience by force. In pursuing this scheme, they chased them from thefr place of living, and obliged them to seek shelter in the region, between the Hudson and Lakes Lie and Ontario. The Confederacy, goaded by the injustice of their eneaui6s, to eliuquish their peaceable employments, graduaUy acquired a knowledge of war, and courage to face them; and, though the latter aided by the French had the great advantage of the previous use of fire arms, the Five Nations eventually triumphed; and, with the except ion of a small number that were driven to the vicinty of Quebec, finally extinguished the Algonquins, one of the most warlike, numerous and politick tribes of North America. Having once acquired the habits and knowledge of war, they ex- tended their dominion with restless ambition, tili they had either formed alliances with, or reduced to submission, most of the nations between the St. Lawrence, the sea coast, awl the Ohio. The Dutch formed a treaty with them in 16O9~ The English made their first treaty of alliance with them hi 1864, which was continued from time to time and never vie. fated. They had also particular treaties with Massachu- setts, New-York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. From this slight sketch of their history, it may be imagin~ od that these nations must have held an important part, in all the contests between the French and English. Indeed, the afihirs of the former were more than once brought to the very brink of destruction by them. At a very critical moment, the English withdrew from the contest, by the most positive orders of the Sovereign, which were artfully obtained by the French Ministry, from the bigoted subser- vience of the Stuarts to the Court of Rome, while, under pretence of religion, the Jesuit Missionaries were promoting the designs of France, in that vast scheme of Colossal aggran. dizeinent, which, with one foot at Net Orleans and the other at Quebec, would have bestrode the Empire of North America. The actions of these people in war, had a strong charac- ~er of wildness and romance; their preparations for it, and celebrations of triumph were highly picturesque. The olemn councils of their Sachems, the war-dance which pre- ceded theirexpeditions, like thcPyrrhick Dance of antiquity, up full Qftqrrifick expression. Many of their achievements 33 A. Address deMuered to [Nov. were performed by a few or sometimes only one or two in. dividuals. These were savage in their character, and not admitted now in the practice of war among civilized nations; and yet such actions may be rendered highly interesting in poetry. What was the nocturnal excursion of Ihomed and Ulysses in the 10th book of the Iliad, in which they slew Rhesus, king of the Thracians, with many of his officers in their sleep, and brought sway his beautiful horses? what was the enterprise of Nisus and Enryalus in the 9th book of the .Eneid, in which they murdered so many in their sleep, and in which Euryalus, by taking from one of them his splendid helmet and belt was afterwards discovered by the moon gleaming on its polished surface, and the death of both occasioned by this spoil? These episodes are two of the finest in those immortalEpicks, yet it is only to the genius of Homer and Virgil, that they are indebted for more than may be found in several Indian adventures. Many of their friendships were as strong as that of the two followers of Zneas; their affection generally for those of their own nation was of the most powerful kind; a proof of this may be found in the speech of a Sachem of the Mo- hawks to an officer who was hurrying them to undertake an expedition, just after they had returned from holding a Council at Albany, where they had lost, by sickness, some of their finest young men: You seem, said he to think that we am brutes, that we have no sense of the loss of our dearest relations, and some of them the bravest men we had in our nation; you must allow us time to bewail our misfortuneaThey were guilty of ferocious cruelty towards their enemies. Alas I cruelty is not peculiar to savages. They condemned to torture the foes who would have tortured them.How many Christian nations am free from the reproach at every period of their history, of having tortured their own subjects, for lucre matters of opinion? In war they laid waste the dwellings and cornfields of their enemies, and murdered the defenceless..ls there nothing in the conduct of nations pretending to the highest civilize- tion, th t will, under this head, interfere with their exclusive claim to barbarism? That they were not merely hunters and warriours, but sagacious in the management of afihirs, and capable of deep laid schemes of policy, there are many historical anecdotes 1815.) the Phi Beta Kappa Society. S8 to prove; one must suffice on this OCCaSIOn. The most mc- coumplished statesman of the Italian school, could hardly s~rpasa the following perfidious and subtle policy of an In. dims Cxieftain. In the year 168T, Adario, a very distin- gosaeed Sachem of the Jiurons, finding that his nation had becooxe suspected by the French, on account of the inter- ccwrse they had held with the English, determined to re- cover their good graces by some signal action against the Five Nations, their common foe. For this purpose he left Michilimackinack with hundred men, and called on his way at the fort of Cadaraqui for intelligence. The French, slier many attempts, had just succeeded in obtaining from a pat of the Five Nations, that they would send Ambassa- doors to Montreal to form a treaty of peace. The French cwwuander informed the Huron Chief of this state of affairs, that the deputies were then on their way, and begged him to return home, and attempt no enterprise, that might inter. ropE these favourable prospects. Surprised at this intelligence, th. wily savage was under the i-eatest concern for his nation, least they should be sacrificed to the French interests, if the lattor could make peace with the Confederacy. Dissembling his feelings, he Ic e fort, not to return home as the Commander suppos- ed, but to proceed to a spot, where he knew the Ainbassa- dours must pass, to await them. After a short time they made their appearance, guarded by forty young warriours. They were surprised, and all their guards either killed or made prisoners. When these. latter were all secured, Adario told them that he had been informed by the Gover- noiar of Canada, that fifty of their warriours were to pass that way about this period, and that he had formed this ambush to intei cept them. The deputies, astonished at this perfidy of the French, related the purpose of their journey to Adario; on hearing which, he affected the utmost fury and ra?e at the atrocity, which the French government had caused him to commit, and swore he would be revenged. Then booain& steadfastly on the prisoners, one of whom was Decane.ora, a famous Chief of the Oneidas, he said, go, my brethren, I loose your bonds, and send you home again, tho:gh our nations be at war; I shall never rest easy till the Five Nations have taken their revenge of the French for this treachery. 24 As Address delivered to (Nov. The Deputies were persuaded by his conduct, and told him, that Ii. and his nation might make peace with them when they pleased. Aduejo, who had lost but one man in the affair, took one of theirs as usual to supply his place; then giving them a supply of arms and ammunition, dismiss- ed them. These Chiefs were from the Oneida and Onon- dagua tribes, which had received the Jesuit Missionaries, were the best disposed towards the French, and now te- turned home most deeply incensed. One circumstance remained to complete the effect; Ada- rio, on his return, gave ur his prisoner to the French otlicer commanding, who being ignorant of these circumstances, to nourish the hatred between the Five Nations and the Ba- ron; ordered him to be shot. The Huron Chief called an Indian of the former people to witness this execution of his countryman, and the cruelty of the French, from which even he was not able to save his own prisoner, and then bid him make his escape, and relate what he had seen. The fugitive arrived at the very time, when the French had sent to disown Adarlo in the action he had committed; but this additional circumstance exasperated them so highly, that they would listen to no representations. Their thoughts were all bent on revenge; a short time after they made a descent on the island of Montreal, took all the Forts in their way, destroyed, with indiscriminate havock, men, women anJ children, and reduced the French power in Canada to the very verge of ruin. As the government of these people was a republick, the practice of eloquence was of the highest importance, since the art of persuasion was a principal source of influence and power. N one of the Indian Nations carried the science of speaking to greater perfection, of which there are many proofs on record. The general characteristicks of their style are well known. We have received their speeches winder every disadvantage, since they come to us through the medium of ignorant interpreters, who were incapable of transfusing the spirit and ornament of one language into the idiom of another, when they thoroughly understood neitheri The solemnity of their councils, the dignity and animation of their manner, their style of address, Saitheins and Warriours, were all suited to command attention and re- spect. Colden thus describes one of their orators: De P115.3 the Phi Beta Kappa Societq. canesora had for many years the greatest reputation mong the Five Nations for speaking, and was generally employ- ed as their speaker, in their negotiations with both French and Eo~lish: he was grown old when I saw him and heard Li~n speaU, he had great fluency and a graceful elocution, that would have pleased in any part of the world. His person was tall and well made, awl his feati~res to mv thinking, resembled much the bustos of Cicero. ~ * There were many metaphors which were transmitted down among the Indians, by the women whose business it was to retain and repeat th3~n from one generation to another. The following remarks on the lang ua ~e and ora~oi~y of the Five Nations are taken from toldens his~ tory. The peop!e of the Five Nations are much given to speech-making, ever the natural consequence of a perf~ct Republican government; where no single person has a power to compel, the arts of persuasion Mona must prevail. As their best speakers distin~u ish themselves in heir public councils, and treaties with other nations, and thereby ~ ~in the esteem and applause of their countrymen, (the only superi- ority which any one of hem has over the others) it is probably they apply them~etves to this art, by some kind of study and exercise in a great ma~suie. It is impossible for inc to judge how frr they excel, as I am ignorant of their lan~uage; but the speakers whom I have heard, had all a great fluency of words, and much more grace in their manner, than any man could expect, among a people intwely ianoraut of all the liberal ats and sciences. I am informed that they are very nice in the torn of their expres- sions, and that few of themselves are so far masters of their language, a~ never to o. end the ears of their Indian auditory, by an unpolite ex- pression. They have, it seems, a certain urbanitas or atticisin, in their language, of which the common ears are ever sensible, though only their great speakers a!tain to it. They are so much ~iven to speech-making, that their corn non compliments, to any person the respect, at meeting and partin am e made in harangues. They have some kind ol elegance in varying and compounding their words, to which not many of the siselves attain, asid this prin- cip. Ily distimmguishes their best speak rs I have endervommred to get some account of this, as a thin that n.mi~ht be acceptable to the cmmri- omis ; hmmt, as I have not me. with any one person who mmuderstands their language, and also know any thmno of grammar. or of the learoe~ languages I have miot been ble to at am tIme least satisiimction. Their presen minister tells mn~, timat thesm verbs are varied, hut in a mnan- ncr so ditI~rent from the Gr~ck or Lato that lie cannot (liscover by wrmat role it was done; and even suspects that every verb has a pecu- liar mode ihey have hut few radical words, hmmt they (ompolmud their wor(ls wLhout end ; by this their lan~uage becomes sufticiensly copious, and leaves room for a goeo deal of art to please a delicate ear. Soine~ imes one word ainous themn includes an eu~ ire definition of the thing; br examples they ~ahi wine, Ootharedeec oirtecreepi,(cje. Voi. IL No 4 41 U .4. Address delivered to The speeches given by Homer to the characters in the Iliad and Odyssey, form some of the finest passages in those poems. The speeches of these Indiana only want similar embellishment, to excite admiration. A few fragments of one, may serve as a specimen. It was delivered under the following circuhnstanceb. James the second, at the solici- tation of the French Court, having given orders to the Co- lonies not to inierfere, the French were determined to bring the Five Nations to their own terms. For this pur- pose the gosernor of Canada proceeded with a stroog for0 an 1684 to Lake Ontario. The Indian Chiefs had meaur while been persuaded by the Jesuits, to send a deputation to meet him; having been promised, that they should be cordially received and kindly treated. The French army however became so much weakened by sickness, so many of the soldiers had died, that all the formidable preparations were rendered useless, and their Commander was unable to prosecute his designs by force. This situation of the Vrench was well understood by the Indians. When they met, after many ceremonies the conference was opened with due form, the parties being drawn up in a circle, of which the French officers formed one half, and the Savages the other. The Governor delivered a most arrogant, menacing speech, to impress them with fear of the tremendous power of France. Garangula, the Indiau speaker on this occasion, was much surprised at the difference of its tone, from what he had been led to expect by the Jesuits; and immediately returned an answer of which the following are extracts. The Indians called the Governor of Canada, Onond;o; it was their custom.te give a surname, as a mark of honour to the Governor of each of the Proiincea, which was never changed. Gas muchas tosay,slisiormEkkftkhJidU of the grspq. The word~ expresuiiig things lately come to their knowledge mall compounds: they have no labeals in their language, nor can they perfeetly pro- nounce a word wherein them is a labeal; and when me endeavours 6 to teach them to pronounce words, they tell one. they think It ridien- bus that they must ahut their ups to speak. Thefr language abounds with gutturals and strong aspirations; these make It very sonorous and bold; and their ~ abound with metaphors, after the man- ner of the Eastern nations, as will beat appeaw by the specehes tlWt Ihave copied. .1315.) the Phi Ret. Kappa Soci4 2? OKOWDIG I honor you, and the warriors that are with me all likewise honor you. Your interpreter has finished your speech, I now begin mine. My words hasten to reach your ears, pray listen to them. Onondlo, you must have believed when you left Quebec, that the sun had burnt up all the Forests which render our country inaccessible to the French, or that the Lakes had overflowed their banks, and surrounded our Castles, so that it was impossible ror us to get out of them. Yes, Onondio, you must surely have dreamt this, and curiosity to see so great a wonder has brought you so far. Now you are unde- coked, since land the warriors here present are come to as- sure you, what the Senekas, Cayngas, Onoudagas, Oneidas and Mohuwks are yet alive. I thank you, in their name, for bringing back into their country that Calumet, which your predecessor received (mm their hands. I congratulate you or our d fortune in having left under ground that murdering hatchet, which has been so often dyed with the blood of the French. Listen, Onondio, I am not asleep, I have my eyes open, and that sun which enlightens me, di.- coven to me a great Captain at the head of a Company of soldiers, who speaks as if he were dreaming. He says that he only came to the Lake to smoke on the great Calurnet, with the Onondagas. Bait Garangula asserts, that he sees the contrary, that it was to have destroyed them, if sick- ness had not weakened the arms of the French. 1 see Ononzlio raving in a camp of sick men, whose lives the great Spirit has saved, by inflicting this sickness on than. Hear, Onondio, our wo~nen had taken their clubs, omar children and old men had carried their bows and ar- rows into the heart of your camp, if our warriors had not disarmed them, and kept them back, when your messenger Oqoesse came to our castles. Enough,! say no more on this subject. We may go where we please, and carry with us whom we- please, and buy and sell what we please. If your allies be your slaves, use them as such, command them to receive no other but your people. This belt confirms my words. What I say is the voice of all the five nations; h~what they answer, open your ears to what they speat: The Senakas, Cayngas, Onondagas, Oneidas uind Mobawhm S 2t1 An Address deilvered lo (Nov. say, that when they buried the hatchet at Cadaracqid, in the presence of your predecessor, in the centre of tlit Fort, they planted the tree of peace in the same place, to be there carefully preserved, that in place of being a re- treat for soldiers, it might become a rendezvous for mer- chants; that in place of arms and ammunitions of war, beavers and merchandize should only enter there. Hearken Onondio, take care for the future, that so great a number of soldiers as appear there, do not cheek the Tree of Peace planted in so small a fort. It would be e great misfortune if after it had so easily taken root, you should stop its growth, and prevent its covering your coun try and ours with its branches. I assure you in the name of the Five. Nations, that our warriors shall dance to the Cabinet of peace under its leaves, and shall remain quiet on their matts, and shall never dig up the hatchet, till their brethren Onondio, or Corlaer, shall either jointly or sepa. rately endeavour to attack the country which the Great Spirit has given to our ancestors. This belt confirms my words, and this other the authority given to mby the Five Nations.Then addressing himself to the French Inter- preter, he aid Take courage Oquesse, you have spirit, speak, explain my words, omit nothing, tell all that your brethren and friends say to Onondlo, your Governor, by the mouth of Garanguls, who loves you and desires you to accept this present of beaver, and take part with him in his feast to which he invites you. This present of beaver is sent to Onondio on the part of the Five Nations. This speech may be compared with the celebrated mes- sage of the Scythians to Alexander in Quintius Curtius, and it affords materials, which, if they were drest in the style of the great Roman Historians, would vie with any that they have transmitted to us; indeed, its figurative language, pun- gent sarcasm, and lofty tone can hardly be surpassed. Perilous and romantick adventures,0 figurative and elo- quent harangues, strong contrasts and important interests, The early history of our country furnishes many characters, ad ventures and incidents of the strongest interest. Prominent among the former is Capt.Joha Smith, whose common and Ibmillar nuns, Is the only thing pertaining to hi history, which Is not elevated and he- reich. Him lifi is now very rare, and the hook commands a high price, but a very able abstract of It maybe thundin Dr.Beilcnaps American 1815.] Lhe Phi Bet~t Kappa Society~ are as frecrnent in this portion of history, as the theatre on which these actions were performed is abundant in grand and beautiful scenery. There are many inferiour crcumstan -ces that rnht contribute appropriate materials for poetry. The armorial hearings of the Indians, their Hieroglyphick Biography. And there is hardly a marvellous tale on the shelves of any circulating library, that can surpass the real advQntures ot this extraordinary man. From his very infancy, to his death, which hap~ pened in ~he middle period of life, his whole career is a series of daring and romantick achievenients in many different parts of the worid. His reputation appears without stain, and he is a genuine hero of ro- mance, being equally distinguished for the gallantry of love and war. He gave to the northern Cape of Massachusetts bay, the name of a Turkish lady who interested herself in his fate, when a prisoner of the Turks; but Cape Tragabizanda, afterwards got the name of Cape Ann, which it will no doubt retain, though the other olit of regard to Smith might be used in poetry. His name is best known in this country. from his encounters with the father of Pocahontas, and the devoted affection of that interesting Indian princess towards him. The charac- ter of Standish amon~ the Plymouth colonists ; of the Sachein of Mount Hope, and the wars which ended in his destruction the singis lar and heroick character of Madame de Ia Tour, of whom some ac- count may be found in Hubbards history recently published by the Historical Society from an ancient Ms. the reliaious fanaticism and intrigues of Mrs. Hutchinson, and her supporter in Sir Henry Vane. whib caised as much trouble and commoilon in the coionv of. as- sachusetts, as the Mystical doctrines of Madame Cuyon occasioned h~ Paris and to the Court of Louis 141h. These a~ many others are interestin. materials. The ineideot mentioned by President Stiles, is very striking, of Dixweil one of the reoicidcs, suddenly emerging from his eoncealvnent. and by his presence animating an infant settlement, when suddenly assailed from the Indians, to repel the savages, and then returnin~ unnoticed to his retreat hich made many of toe people who knew nothing of his concealment regard him as a mysterious being. a good angel sent for their deliverance. If re- inarkable characters and actions are to be found in our history, the scenes where they lived or occurred, must he interestin~ from associa- tion of ideas. There are many such, thou~h they have been too much ne- glected. We have all felt th~ interest excited by Scott for the scenery he describes in the lady of the Lake. Its natural beauty is doubtless greatyet give a hard of equal genius, the spot described in the last volume of the Historical collections, as the one chosen by Cosnold in his first vova~eon one of the Elizabeth Islands, there is a small lake, in which there is a rocky islet, where is still to be seen the foundations of the first dwelling erected on these shores by Europeans. The re- makable security of this situation, its natural beauty, the in ter~st attending this attempt to colonize a country which has since played ~uch an iripoitant part in the world, make this seclud- ed spot more interestin~ than the lii bland Lake the time iP A~ Address delivered to [Nov writiQ,s, and some of their superstitions may be made sub- servient to poetical effect. For instance, there is in Lake Champlain a high rock, against which the waves dash with vahe:nence, and the spray is thrown to a great height. The S;iva~es believed that an ancient Indian resided tinder this rock, who had power over the winds; to propiiiate him they aiwavs threw over a pipe, or made some other oblation in passing. A nan of distiiiction a~uon~ the early Dutch in- habitants of New York, by the name of Cuiaec, who was held in such high VN eralon by the I diins that they treated with him as the Governor of that Province, and ever after called the Givernor by his na:ue ; while on his way to visit the Governo~ of Canada, ridiculed this Indian Lolus. lie was drowned directly afterwards by the upsetting of his caine, which the Indians always attributed to his disresnect foe the old man who had the control of the winds. This at least is not more extravagant, than Ilomem account of the present made by the moua:ch of Eoiia to Ulysses, of art assortment of winds secured in b%s, which being untied by his sailors, a tempest was created, that drove them ott t C coast of the Lestrigons~ There is an ingenious device of Epick poetry, that might be here used with great effect. rrliis is the prophetick iar- ration, a prophecy after the facts have occurred. Such is the celebrated Ode of Gray, in which the last of the Bards when this spot will he visited with as much interest, as the tin eller at Rome goes to the Fountain of Egeria. It would be encroaching too far to dwell longer on these topieks. ~o prejlld!ce is iiiore common. none more unfounded, none will more certainly be hereafter destroyed. than the one which supposes the early history of our country to he deficient in interest. To a person totally uuacqua~nted with it, the mere mention of the leadin_ circumstances on which it is founded, would prove on very sli~ht reflection. that it was indeed impossible it should he so. Even saints and miracles may h. incorporated in it, if such he the taste of the poet. In the Ledres edfieotes published at Paris in 1807,there are the letters of Father Charlevoix and the other Jesuits in Canada, relating all the minute eir~ c~inmstanees of the deaths of some holy Indian Virgins, who died in the odour of sanctity. and at whose tombs miracles were performed duly attested and sworn to by divers honmurabl men. Those who wish to imestioate this department, may consult, Smiihs Jidc, ~eiki p horramly ibebbards histor~y, ( oldens history qf ii c n c Xe/ions La [lootans Travele, end tic histor~cs cf Vi einie and ~o~s ehnsc/ts.~ (nfrlevnme Nooveile France. L file cs lVfee;rs S o a cs ldcir~ ,~ In the LiKd of the Aticeoiawo .I8ILIKr the Phi Beta Kappa SO( etll. predicts the rnisfor~unes of Edwards posterity; such are the adventures ot Ulysses in the 11th hook of the Odyssey, and of iEueas in the 6th book of the ~ueid, in which those he- roes ale told a~non~ the shades, the future fortunes o Iheir race. The poet might introduce he expedient a his f ney su~gested. it may be supposed that a French aid E dish O~i~er, and an A rierican Colonist sho ild accorn1 any ~u In- dian Sachem deputed by his tribe, to consult some Ini~in sorcerer or divinity ; the scene may V in one of those isPuls of Lake Superiour, which so:ne of their tra i~t~Ofl5 represent as the abode of the blest, on shores perhaps untrodden by the foot of man, lone, distant and obscure as those Cimniuc- nan climes, in which lay the opening to Tartaios. In seek- in~ tYw a knowledge of destiny, what won derfol events would be utfolded. Tie prescient expounder of fate would decia e to th Chieftain of the Five Nations, the alliances, contects, triumphs and utter extinction of his race ; that they should disappear with the animals they hunted, and the forests that sheltered boththey should vanish before the spirit of civilization, like the mist of the Lakes before the mornin~ sun, and leave no trace of their existence, but in tile recormls of the white menTo the Englishman he would foretell the civil ~a , the death of Charles on ~he scaffold, the fanatical austerity of the times, the usurpation of Cromwell, and, al his decease, the restoration of Royalty, an(l the li~entious gavety that ensuedthe final expulsion of tile Stuarts and extinction of that familythe lustre of arts and arms during the reign of Anne ; with the subse- quent increasin~ ~)lendoI, grandeur nation, rand of his till their empire should extend over both the Indies. To the American Colonist, would be foretold the American Revo- lotion, the fame of its heroes and statesmenhe would m- nounce to him the first of these, the man who should be first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen ; the successful issue of the glorioo. contest. for Independence would be predicted, and he would b shewn the future greatness, happiness and glory of his country.To the Frenchman he would narrate the con- quests, the splendour of the arm and of literature, the bi- got ry, disasters and miseries of the reign of Louis 14th the profligacy and corruplon f the regency, the Io~s of their possessions on this continent, and in th last conflict Au Addre.ss, & t% LNov the deafh of the victorious and the vanquished Generals under the walls of Q~,uebecThe constant increase of lux~ ury and refinement to the era of the RevolutionIn reveab ing that Revolution, he would describe the contagiouS enthusiasm of hope which would intoxicate all nations at its dawn ; the crimes, the horrours and wonderful events that would accompany its progress ; and the foul, gloomy despotism that would attend its close.The King, his family, and his nobles perishing on the scaffold, or withering in exile ; religion prohibited, its altars profaned, its minis- ters proscribed.France covered with the dust of her ruined palaces and drenched with the blood of her citizens~ lie would foretell the rapid rise, energetick progress, and portentous grandeur of the great usurper ; his ambition, ~vars, and victories ; the ravages committed, the remote regions invaded, the kingdoms overthrown, while at his heels Lashd in like hounds, should famine, sword and fire, Crouch for employment, he would predict at the hour of deepest gloom, the reaction of publick feeling, the overwhelming wave ot retri- l)utive conquest, pursuing him back from every country of Europe to his own capital, his abdication, the return of the but no, plain prose and sober reason are confounded by these events, they must be left to the madness of verse, and the inspiration of the poet. This is a cursory sketch of some of the scenes, and events that would be fruitful in poetry. When we recol- lect what delightful performances have been composed by one modern poet out of the obscure quarrels of Border Banditti, in barbarous ages, how another, in thoughts that breathe and words that burn, has immortalized the pirates of the Archipelago, much may surely be expected from this region when it shall be explored with the to~ch of im- agination. The materials are rude, yet talent only is wanting to mould and animate them. The same block of m~ arble, which in the hands of an artisan, might only have formed a step for the meanest feet to trample on, under the touch of genics, unfolded the Belvidere Apollo, gloving with (liviac beauty and immortal youth, the destroyer of the Python, the companion of the Muses, the inrmajestick God ol Eloquence md Poetry. Reflections on (lie, & c~ k~OR THE NORTH-AMERICAN JOURN Reftections on (lie lderar/J delinquency of Auerca. The title of this paper con!ains a serious cL rge. It chacges Anericans with delinquency in that, to which every other civilized nation chiefly owes its character. It implies that this country wants literary ~istinc lion. That we have not entered the service of literature. rjj~I~ we want the results of intellectual labour. That were we to cease fro~n a distinct national exisleuce, the great events of our hi story woild stand alone on th.. lank of our national cha racter, tin. npp one-I by their causes, uiisanct~oned by their 6~ects. That the whole iemer~ts (A our li~e alure, were they collected into one ~ s, would amount uierely ac- cidental efforts of a very few adventurous individa Is our history would be found little more than state topo- graphy ; our politicks ephemeral effusions of party zeal, and our poetry without a character. An appeal might be made fro~n t i- melancholy record to our pI~i!osophy an(1 science, aac the labours of Franklin and Rittenhouse claimed as the heralds of our lit erai~y character. But it U bar ~y to be expected that the phenomena of the age sL;d confer national chaiacter. They are accidents of inte!Iect. They are claimed for science and literature in g-ene rat, not yielded to one nation, to give it a character I ~ese c~uaordmnary men very rarely appear in any coun- try, and their having once appeared, is not an assurance 5hat their like will be looked upon aaamin. Neither is the gift they make ua i~ their works, often like the Prophets mantle. So careless ~re the beings among whom they appear, about the fate of their venerable intellectual remains, that at tire es the only- perfect collections or lnir work~ are made ty foreigners; as if the country in which they may chance to have been born, were fearful of tLe imputation of vanity ar1d selfishness, Ly making itself the herald of their fame. Thus England boasts the first and best editions of the works of our own Franklin. But, Franklins address was the wo Yielding the refive time reputation which may be challenged ~n afcount o~ t!ie remarkable individuals who may hay ITo! IL No~ 4~

Reflections on (lie, & c~ k~OR THE NORTH-AMERICAN JOURN Reftections on (lie lderar/J delinquency of Auerca. The title of this paper con!ains a serious cL rge. It chacges Anericans with delinquency in that, to which every other civilized nation chiefly owes its character. It implies that this country wants literary ~istinc lion. That we have not entered the service of literature. rjj~I~ we want the results of intellectual labour. That were we to cease fro~n a distinct national exisleuce, the great events of our hi story woild stand alone on th.. lank of our national cha racter, tin. npp one-I by their causes, uiisanct~oned by their 6~ects. That the whole iemer~ts (A our li~e alure, were they collected into one ~ s, would amount uierely ac- cidental efforts of a very few adventurous individa Is our history would be found little more than state topo- graphy ; our politicks ephemeral effusions of party zeal, and our poetry without a character. An appeal might be made fro~n t i- melancholy record to our pI~i!osophy an(1 science, aac the labours of Franklin and Rittenhouse claimed as the heralds of our lit erai~y character. But it U bar ~y to be expected that the phenomena of the age sL;d confer national chaiacter. They are accidents of inte!Iect. They are claimed for science and literature in g-ene rat, not yielded to one nation, to give it a character I ~ese c~uaordmnary men very rarely appear in any coun- try, and their having once appeared, is not an assurance 5hat their like will be looked upon aaamin. Neither is the gift they make ua i~ their works, often like the Prophets mantle. So careless ~re the beings among whom they appear, about the fate of their venerable intellectual remains, that at tire es the only- perfect collections or lnir work~ are made ty foreigners; as if the country in which they may chance to have been born, were fearful of tLe imputation of vanity ar1d selfishness, Ly making itself the herald of their fame. Thus England boasts the first and best editions of the works of our own Franklin. But, Franklins address was the wo Yielding the refive time reputation which may be challenged ~n afcount o~ t!ie remarkable individuals who may hay ITo! IL No~ 4~ Reftection~ o~i the tNo~ appeared among us, to the cl~i~us of the literary world at large; let us examine our pretensions to that reputation. which rests on the broader basis of common occurrence; or to that character for letters which a majority of our publica- tions gives rise to; and if it be a reputation with which we cannot be very much delighted, let us search for the caU~e5 of our literary deficiencies. If it be with states as with individuals, we should look for our reputation from others, rather than from ourselves: and who of us is i~norant of our r~puiat ion abroad ? The in- formation we have gained on this subject, and which may be acquired from an hours reading of any foreign works of criticism in which o~ir books are noticed has indeed but little to flatter our national pride. Our larger works, if reprinted in E~irope, are soon lost in the ocean into which they are t1iro~vn. A more disastrous fate, however, con~ monly awaits them. They are submitted to the common test of literary tyranny, criticism, the very bed of Piocrusles, and I have scarcely heard of a volumes being of the standard di me nsio us. It is riot woith while to inquire for the fate of our smaller, lighter woiks. We do not feel jealous of the reputation their authors flattered themselves they might be instru- mental in producing. Knowing then what is thought of us abroad, and perhaps still willing to act as individuals in like cases, whose self-complacency is generally in a direct ratio to the bad opinions of others, we may seek for some conso- lation in what we think of ourselves. But how little is there to delight us even from this source? Who is there among us who has dared to write a book, that has received from our literary republick one smile to reward his literary bhours? How few works have survived the question of our own criticism ? How little has our literature aained from the success of this fortunate number ! Who now, we may ask here, in this winter and famine of reputation at home and abroad, will venture to give his days and his nights, to the labours of the mind, that he may do something towards the literature of his country ? Who that has talent among us, is wanting in that honest pride and dignified selfishness, which must deter a man from trus~ing his intellectual labours to criticks destitute of independence, and to a publick too liberal and patrietick to allow of the excellence of doine~ 4815.] Literaty, Delii~quency of America. tick manufacture? The individual who is bold enough to make the attempt, and feels for our literary interests, what every body among us clues for our commercial reputation the man, who strives to rouse the pride of the nation into action, ivill encounter hardly less difficulty, or perform a smaller task, than he who gave us a new political existence~ He will not have merely to ret~rm, but to create. He will encounter that most fatal principle to all individual exertion, a deep rooted jealousy of each other. He will meet the sarcastick regards of nien who have burdened their minds with the good and bad of literature of E~rope, and be confounded with the astonishment of others, who before his declaration to the contrary, bad really thouttht us the most learned, as well as the greatest people under heaven. From the common-place of opinion among us it is easily discovered, that we eniny but a feeble literary character any where. The candidates for literary distinction among us, or those that may be, are therefore destined to a high distinction. But et us inquire, who are to award it? Mtn, who have themselves done much, and are zealous that more may be done ? Men, who are weary of the weight of literiry responsibility, and are willing and desirous, to find not only successors, but assistants in their labours? Noit is rather to come f urn men, who have done nothing; but have gained a real susceptibility of sticce~sful menaI exer- tion, in laborious stud~ ; or a Fancied one, in a fdstid:ous taste. Men, who can understand more than they can achieve; men too, who are more successful in detecting deformity, than in perceiving beauty. From men, in short, who are too indolent to be great, and who will not be very anxious to yield, what they have wanted resolution to make their ovn. If what has been now said be true, let us inq~ire why we have (lone so little for literature ; and ask, whether our prospects are more promising, than our retrospections are melancholy. Our literary delinquency may principally be resolved into our dependence on English literature. We have been so perfectly satisfied with it, that we have not yet made an attempt towards a literature of our own. In the pre-erni- nent excellence of this foreign literature we have lost sight of, or neglected our own susceptibility of intellectual labour6 ~o easy is it for us to read English books, that we have )9~eJIeciio ~ q,i the LNov hardly thought it worth while to write any for ourselxes~ Perhaps if it had been as difficult to command these inex- haustible literary resources, as we should find it to corn- inan(l those of the Germans, we niight have gone seriously to work, and entered vigorously on the noble, dignified employment of our minds. Apolo~ists for our literary delinquency, however, reply, that ie were colonies of Great Britain, and virtually as much Englishmen as the inhabitants of any county in England. That place signifies nothing; at least, that the pious Antonine said so ; that t~e mind is the same every where; that it lends its own influences to the circumstances in which it is placed, and admits those of things arid beings around it, just as far as it pleases, and no farther. That a peculiarity of language is of no conse- quence to a literature; that the language of the mind is its own vigorous, overpowering operations; that these la~t only require language to be clothed with, not to be known by. We are told, that the different modes of using lan- guage, viz, its various styles, are distinctive of those who invent or adopt them. That Milton will never be con- founded with Shakespeare, because they used a common !anguage, and that when Americans write books, their works will at once be distinguished from those of England~ In fine, we are told, that we are destined to the highest literary reputation. Now, all this may he very true in theory, but what is the fact? Did our venerable fathers, when they deserted their own country, bring with them a thread of that literary tissue, so varied, so rich, and so beautiful, which had been the result of the dignified and delightful labour of England through so many age of its history ? Have we, their de- scendants, united our iidnstry to theirs? And can we now look back, and find that our labours have been continuous in their extent, and as rcsp ctable in character as those of Great Britain ? If we cannot, it ill becomes us to seek an apology in our colonial dependence, as some have (lone, for we were desc~nded ~rom a lit racy nation. lYe cannot trace our (lelinqivncy to our new form of government, and lose our mental imbecility in the r~ecessary entails of a republican form, for we were once known by the name and condition of subjects. Colonies, however, we confess may ~ot be the favourites of the mu es. Rome became I~ 1 5.J Literary delinqueticy of America. literary when she ceased to be republican. But we have not always wanted a crown, nor have we always been co- lonies. It is said that the mind acknowledges no distinction of place. Why have we made it appear so depeudant ? We have fiot wanted books. We have not been left alone to erect a fabrick of letters. We have been absolutely beset wi$h circumstances infinitely diversified, and infinitely new. Foreigners, however, have almost invariably discov- ered their novelty and literary character. In natural sci- ence, how much might we not have done? Distin uished naturalists of France and Sweden, however, were among the first who traversed our forests, and gathered the sweet- est and rarest flowers that blossom there ; and we owe to Scotland an American Ornitholo~y. It is admitted, that when we write, our books may be distinguished from those of E~iglish writers. Not, however, that difference of style alone will ever desk,nate the literature of a nation ; but because our writers can never keep entirely clear of one species of literary treason, viz, the coinage of new term~. These therefore may distinguish our ~vriters. No one however will contend that these vill ever challenge a g mm me literary reputation. The truth is, we have wanted literary enterprise, and been sadly deficient in nenuine intellectual courage. Cir~ cumstances beyond a doubt exizted, to prevent our father from leaving us a literature, it was hard for them to print. even if they wrote. They were perhaps too dependant on the rough and toilsome circuin tances in vhich they were cast, to lay the foundation of a literature. Perhaps they did enough in founding an erujire. They also c~nL. here well versed in the learnin~ of their own country, for s ich was England, though no longer their home; and i~ they depended on what their brethren in Etibland did for fl rature, they had claim which an American can never ii vv. In founding colleges for us, erhaps they dren At the: r Jaying the corner stow of literature. The literary dependence to whi Ii we have ci lone reconciie(I, has become so much a part of o m~ di ~ tet that the individual who ventures to talk about suit v1 iiiio it, is thought the wildest of sc~memers~ lie is s Ii il er every hand with the CUi boao 7 that mo t frtai of cp e~tmon to any plan which i~ riot cast in the mould of (JomestIck ~conomicks. or whii* would I ~ud to aliare a society fiont Reflections on the [Nov~ the dull contemplation of its 1)hysical wants, and the cheap- est means of supplying them. Literary reputation! what is its worth ? what need have we of a literature ? Oh reason not the need Allow not nature more than nature needs, Mans Iit~ is cheap as beasts : Again, we are told the literary market is full. Our im~ porlations cannot be consumec. There is no demand tbr American literature. There is not a stall tor its literary wares, in the whole market of letters. Shall then the natural productions of our soil find a kind reception every ivheie? Sl~all their luxuriance not only satisfy ourselves, but go to supply the wants of distant nations, and by their ex- change give us the varied products of every climae; and are we willing in literary commerce, the noblest traffick, to depend on the productions of all other nations, without dreaming even of labouring for them ourselves? Nile seem to relish the literary productions of other countries, and descant with freedom and taste on the results of their literary labours.We have books of criticism occasionally among us, and in these Gazette our authors at home when they appear among us, and through them get a sort of introduction into the bureaus of foreign literature. It might be well to dwell for a moment on these works, which make up so much of our literature. But it is melancholy to dwell long even on this subject. Our re- collections carry us into a sad region of ephemeral ruins, whose vestiges are so faint, that we hardly be- lieve the tales of their having ever been. To trace their various authors, would be a task unprofitable and fruitless indeed. Ahnost every number, or new year, of our longest lived journals has boasted a new author. The best written of them all, have soon found repose either in the reputation they have gained their tormer authors, or have dragged out a miserable existence in the hands of their successors. Their labours of criticism, however, it must be confessed, have had all the elThct they were intended to have. Our literature has faded before their smiles, as surely as before their censures. As certainly perhaps would it have died without either. Many of the best works we have written slumber with the worst. Each s~ecessive ~enerat~on of i~ dividuals among us~ or most of I815~j Literary delinquewcy of America. them, smile at the failrwe of their coteruporaries ; shrink from the task of tracing our literary history by examining what has already been done ; despair of doing better, and willingly yield the energies of their own minds, to the mere perusal of the dignified effects which have jollowed fiom the intellectual activity of others. So listless have we been, that we have not done enough to supply the waste of time, much less to yield a superfiux to preserve our literary character. Some men have traced our deficiencies in letters to our want of the profession or trade of authorship, and of that degree of wealth which would afford it patronage and. support. Our predecessors, or those who lived in the earliest periods of our history might have been excused for resortin~ to such a subterfuge. For theirs were the tim~s when the phq3ique stood in greater jeopardy than the morale. We live in times however which put this arga- rnen~ o perfect silence. Authorship is no longer a tra(te. K least the literary reputation of a country, no longer depends on the fitful, and uncertain exertions of genius in nor the still more hazardous condition of patronal ~ 7 chaiiwy. T~e Muses, in our days, have flown the garret, at least in England, and now figure in the parlours ot the nohilitv ; and even a banker of Liverpool, has amassed for us the literary wealth of Italy. It must be confessed, however, we are destitute of many of the elements of literature. Thus we want a remote an- tiquity. In tracing our history, therefore, we are not trac~ ing the developement of human society, the most interest- in~ pursuit which is offered the mind, for it is intrinsically the developement of the mind itself. In the want of a his~ tory of the kind just indicated, we want a vast variety of topicks of the very first interest in literature. We are des- titute, for instance, of the materials for exercising the high- est range of dramatick talent, viz, the historical. To be sure we have not always s~urnbered in national peace, and we have had many distinguished heroes among us, and on~ we are ever proud to name, stands at their head. But with all our respect and love for this hero, we fear we could hardly brook to have his narue among the Dramatis per- son~3. In the most elevated walk of the muses, the Epick, we cannot hope much distinction, and this for the same Thflections on the [Nova reason whjch appears so fatal to the American theatre. We live in the same age ; we are too well acquainted with what has been, and is, among us, to trust them to the im- a~ination. It would be an old story to our criticks, for the events transpired yesterday, and some of our oldest hetoes are not yet dead. Another fact is, we are all ac- ~iuainted with them, or feel so. We have therefore no curiosity to excite, for we have no information to give. Notwithstanding the kind of apology thus furnished for much of our literary deiinquency, we cannot but lament, that we have been so deficient, when we reflect how much has been done in the same time, and under perhaps as un- favourable circumstances, in England. What if the histori- ans of an earlier period, have exhausted the materials of historical oui,ginality and interest ? What if Milton has ini- mitably written, anti Shakespeare exhausted the passions? What if Newton, and Bacon, and Boyle were the best scho- lats in the academy of nature? What if neighbouring and rival nations, have entered with pride, and talent, and an- tiquitv, and wealth, the lists against her ? Has England ceased from her dignified labours of intellect ? Has Eng- land done less than other nations ? No. Every yeai has yielded something to the literary character of England. The mind never seems at rest there. It is now active for science, and we can hardly keep pace with the scientifick dLscoveries that are made. Notwithstanding the inexhaust- Pie treasures of poetry in England, almost every year adds something which is destined to live. The mind of the fla~1o!1 seems to have suffered no exhaustion by all that has been done. XVliere new topicks have seemed wanting, from the immense intellectual labour already bestowed, and ai~ individ:ul h s appeared possessing extraordinary mental v our, we iirid him venturing on fields long trodden before, ajid returning with a harvest we could never have antici pat ed. Is there not sumething besides our youthfulness on which we may charge our literary delinquency ? Is it because so much has been (lone by others, that we withhold our assist- ance from the commonwealth of letters? Is it because we are a commercial people, and the mind of the nation thus necesa- rilv divcrteJ from the pursuits of literature? is it because we are poor, and feel that our utmc.4 charity will hrdly sup~ AG I 5.j Literary delinquency of A merica. 4i port ~he paupers of the state, much less supply the poverty ot literature ~ Let an afii1mative answer be given to each oi hese questions, and is there one of then which will not apply as truly to England, as to America ? Nay, I. it not ~n. ter of greater wonder, that considering all things we Live not done more for Jiteramre than E~gland, viz, in sc~nce, have been more original ? Notwithstanding the literary delinquency of America, still we have done something. Perhaps it would not be fair, to place the period of our national existence amonw the dark ages of Ietter~.. But our best writers have been Unfortunate in the vehicles they have chosen as (leposi- toie~ of their intellectual productions. These depositories have been chiefly newspapers and pamphlets of various kinds. Now there is something ephemeral and temporary, li the very nature of these publications. Hence their cunteuts are not safe. A man who writes in them does not think of writing for imtnorta!itv. His mental labours, of c~urse soon is over, and almost of cours~, badly done. If it tin out that his corznmunicatio,i pleases, it excites but a momentary emotion of pleasure, and his successor into the columns fills his place as perfectly and almost as success- fully, as the types which were devoted to their several compositions. The literature, farther, of newspapers and pamphlets, is almost always controversial literature ; and in controversy we are always more interested for the chain- pious of party, than for their writings. Controversy, it must be confessed however, among us has done as much for literature, as controversy has among other nations. It has gratitkd the passions, the prejudices, the whims of the p~aties concerned, and when the flame is extinguished, the pamphlets which did so much to support it, repose in their own ashes. Another and very powerful objection might be offered to the vehicles chosen for our literature. They are very s.ort. Their limits allow but a very narrow view of any subject. The writers in them, are confined almost to a single topick of their subject, and when they begin to w~ite, they must reduce their minds, as well as their thoughts within the limits prescribed either by themselves treir partizans, their printer, or their bookseller. Now, there is a great deal in all this which has a bad ten(Jenc Yol, IL No. 4~ 42 Rq$ectioms, ho. (Nov~ iii relation to literature. A bold sad vigourous mind might not be willing to submit to such circumscription, sad of course we should lose the results of its labours; hiiu~ be- yond all doubt, many a bold and vigorous mind amons us has by this submission, exhausted itself, in ephemeral labour., for these short lived works. If we have been successful in 4etecting some of the causes of our literary delinquency, it may be expected, that some means for correcting this national fault should be suggested. It is a trite but true saying, however, that it is easier to discover the causes of evils, the to find their remedies. And some have argued, that it is but a stinted charity, which is only successful in doing the first. It may require an apoloicy too, that we have ventured on the dis- cussion of our literary deficiencies at all. But we are all partakers in this sin, and all, and each of us, of course, have some reason, and right, to inquire into its nature and extent. It may be, that we may be solicitous for wend- meat in ourselves, or if we find that hopeless, that we may become instrumental, in some degree, towards that of others. If it be not arrogant, we would ask, what are the means which appear to promise to do most to remedy our literary delinquency? Would they not principally, nay at the pre- sent moment wholly consist in the vigorous exertion of our own minds? And what are some of the topicks, on which they may be exerted? Would not the complete history of the United States of America be a subject worthy of writ- ing? We do not mean a work of a day, or of a volume, but a work which should embrace our rliticd history in if s widest extent ;which should contain a discussion of all that is peculiar in our civilpolity,which should inves- tigate and decide the effects of our religious toleration, which, except in America, has never been perfect. in any part of Ohristendom,which should give the history of our literary labour. in all their varieties and degreesand which, above all, should give the moralist and philosopher our genuine national character? Would not a collection of all that has been done for ~try among us, which is worthy the name, be an honourable labour for a vigorous mind! It might embrace the biography of oar poets,lt might contain, the real state of tb is department of literature among us, and if it were found deficient, trace the causes 43 1815.3 Vest,nisflw Epaogiw. of its deficiency, and show the remedy.But we will lea. this ungrateful office, of tack reproof, and only la- ment, what for literature, the pride of a nation,an earnest of its immortality, this country has done no mote. NOR THE NORTH-AMERICAN JOURNAL. There is an annual exhibition at Westminster school in Lonton, when the upper class of boys leave the school; on which occasion one of the comedies of Terence is Ps- formed by some of the best scholars. A prologue and epilogue, are composed every year, the latter of which is commonly of a lii ely cast, and alludes to the events of the day. The play selected this year was Phormio, and the epilogue which is taken from the Gentlemans Magazine for the month of April, here follows. The motive for republishing this piece of classick scurrility, is to shew the pernicious efects of the libels of the Quarterly Review. All the most odious and absurd cijlunmnies contained in that work, are here introduced into Latin verse, and a class of boys, belonging to some of the most respectable families of the kingdom, take leave of the seminary, and their last act reciting an exercise, conveying the most false and degrad- ing picture of this country; and leaving an impression on their minds which will probably continue through life. Now it is impossible to suppose, that the respectable heads of this celebrated school would have permitted an indecen- cy of this kind, and this too soon after the declaration of peace. if they had not believed the falsehoods on which it founded It is impossible to read without disgust and indignaion the villainous inflammatory abuse, with which all the demo. cratick papers in this country have been Oiled since the peace, against Great Britain: fo, a state of peace produces no cessation of animosity, or any change of language in them. Nay, the National Intelligencer, which derives great support from the particular patronage of government, and is one of the most conspicuous in this line, published in the paper of 1st of August last, two or three column of the most stupid calumny against Russia, merely because Russia was opposed to Buonaparte. It is an awkward task to findr V 0

43 1815.3 Vest,nisflw Epaogiw. of its deficiency, and show the remedy.But we will lea. this ungrateful office, of tack reproof, and only la- ment, what for literature, the pride of a nation,an earnest of its immortality, this country has done no mote. NOR THE NORTH-AMERICAN JOURNAL. There is an annual exhibition at Westminster school in Lonton, when the upper class of boys leave the school; on which occasion one of the comedies of Terence is Ps- formed by some of the best scholars. A prologue and epilogue, are composed every year, the latter of which is commonly of a lii ely cast, and alludes to the events of the day. The play selected this year was Phormio, and the epilogue which is taken from the Gentlemans Magazine for the month of April, here follows. The motive for republishing this piece of classick scurrility, is to shew the pernicious efects of the libels of the Quarterly Review. All the most odious and absurd cijlunmnies contained in that work, are here introduced into Latin verse, and a class of boys, belonging to some of the most respectable families of the kingdom, take leave of the seminary, and their last act reciting an exercise, conveying the most false and degrad- ing picture of this country; and leaving an impression on their minds which will probably continue through life. Now it is impossible to suppose, that the respectable heads of this celebrated school would have permitted an indecen- cy of this kind, and this too soon after the declaration of peace. if they had not believed the falsehoods on which it founded It is impossible to read without disgust and indignaion the villainous inflammatory abuse, with which all the demo. cratick papers in this country have been Oiled since the peace, against Great Britain: fo, a state of peace produces no cessation of animosity, or any change of language in them. Nay, the National Intelligencer, which derives great support from the particular patronage of government, and is one of the most conspicuous in this line, published in the paper of 1st of August last, two or three column of the most stupid calumny against Russia, merely because Russia was opposed to Buonaparte. It is an awkward task to findr V 0 44 Westminster Epilogue. f~Nov.~ fault ~~ith a foreign nation, when our own government pro~ tects such conduct as this. But in despite of the news- papers in this country and in England, which labour so assiduously in their vocation of national abuse, and end vowing to exa. perate the two countries into perpetual war; a good understandin may still he maintained, if honourable men iii both, will treat their efforts with the contempt they merit ; and endeavour to cultivate esteem for each other. The intercourse between the two nations is so constant, and from a similarity of Iangua~e so easy, that it would not be (lifficult to bring to the bar of publick opinion any literary, or political character, who should in eiti:er country, brin~ forward or support a gross calumny against the other ; and he should have an opportunity to apologize for errour. or be disgraced for it, as certainly, as if the offence were against his own. If this responsibility could be produced, the efforts of the profligate incendiaries who subsist by administering stimulants to the passions of the Tulgar, might be regarded with contempt. This epilogue may be considered a sufficient apolo4, if any were necessary, for the indignation which has been felt, in this i~oun try, at the brutal abuse of the Quarterly Review. EPILOGUS, iN P1iORMIONE~I. DAVU~. GETA. PA. s:~ lye iteruni, Geta. Sed quid aais? quisnam iste paratus ? Nuin fiber factus ? G . Mox, nisi falfor, ero. PA. Nempe tua cecisse opera vestra omnia pulcr~ Audieram. GE. Immo aijis non ita, Pave, mihi. Letitia in communi e~o solus ne~ligor.Ergo Pmospwio ipse m~hi. PA. Quid meditare ? GE. Fugarn. DA Di voilant bene ! sed pedetentim. GE. Atqniomnia dudu~ (orra id metuens. D~. Quo fYlais? GE. Hesperiani. PA Quid 2 ~ .so. occa P tines qua~ visitur ultra Bail ara niuimim anis terra habitata viris ? GE Jinmo ca qun, nostris quondam qua~sita cotonis, nuc unum in termis cernitur Elysium. IJA II 1(1 1 onoruni tominurn vel nomina respuit auris Attica pane etiani tin~na sonare tiinet. Chaki ass os, Cherok~os li~awwawos, Chickasawos, ~1 chit imakirracos, Yankey-qu6-doodelbos. ~ Qua~ virtute, tide, mnajestate. artibus, anus, Censi I io, eloqujo, monibus, ingenjo, NillaIr, non onge cxsurwrat ~en~ unicagentem, Qu~. st, iw fuerit, qu ~qne tutura siet 4~ 1815.3 Westrni~zster Epi1ogu~ Nostra venustatis si quid. si secula vatum A urea divin~ siiriplicitatis habent. H~speria omne tenet: neque adhuc Astr~ea re1iquii~ ilnuc orbem; inque isfis keta moratur a~ris. ~A. Atque ibi non virgo, verum est Astima virago; Saepe est, ut perhibent, ebria; saepe pugh Nonnunquam quoque fur. Nec morum dicere promtum es1~- S~t raiho simplex, shine venusta magis. 2E~hiopissa palam mensie famulatur herili In puns naturahibus, ut loquirnur. Vir liaccis se bellus amat nudare d~cent6r, Stremius ut choreas ex-que-peditus agat. Quid quod ibi; quod congerere ipsis conque morar~ Dicitur, ineoluini nempe piidiciti~, Sponte su~, sine fraude, torum sese audet in unum Condere cum easto easta puella viro? Wiid noetes cnn~ ~que Defim? quid ama~na piorurn Coneihia? GE. Immo audi, qu~ bona vera feraiii. Agi icola es ? tibi mule patent, quie libera et ante Immetata tuisjugrra bubus ares. Auceps es? media perdix vulgo errat in urbe. Potor es? hora haustus fert ibi qu~uque novos. Titihlatorem C in~,i va~, PliJegmotomurn-qiie, Fclhifraguinque bihes, A nti-que-16~rnaricum. Aurea pr~tcrea libertas, Dave! hoino servus N~ino ibi. DA. At 1EthiopesG. Sunt ibi non homines. Qui vult, et quod vult, et de quo vult, hoino sentit; Et cui vult audet dicere, vel facere. 1~it sponte iiTIJussUs quisque indociusque. Senator, Mercator, Judex, Diix, ~2ophus out Medicos. Spernuntur tirocini~ ICa e sque moix que: lEst diploma saPs cuique libido sua. lh. Nempe senatores pestninum et ganca mittunt, Optimds et Judex inaxirnus est nebulo. Scit~ ora~orem orator convincere certat? 1 argiter adversi conspuit ora yin Neve ea Rhetonice valeat minus, herba salivarn Lietius effundi Nicotana l~cit. Mentiri est m-~rcatoris laos summa ; ducisque Cura, diarrh a~ coosuluisse su~e. Turn lusus : oculos exculpere polhice, fronteazi Scalpere, nasuin oninem mordicus abnipere Atque necare hominem jocus est lepidissimus. At to. Aurea hibertas pm siet illa, vide. fnirnum, crede mihi, si te sernel atra Charontis Ceperit ElysiI!n1I navis itura tuum, Ipsoni omucs aburnet opes tibi naulum : animam iiid~ l)cbehj~, nullo est quie redimenda die; Postreino magnos pasces in care in mures. Qiiin age, et in meliiis console, dum potis es Hesperiarn lao(let sine perditus, impius, exiex Si sauus satis Cs, to, Geta, siste dorni. Sin aliter vaVas. Vah~anI pere~nioa volente~ thUora natali pr~epos isse soio P ~ [Nov PUNS. FROM THE G~NTLEMANS MAGAZINE. I wa~ told some time a~o of a pun iz~eing whistled at Cambridge. A mern er of that University was so a~w~ct- ed to pun. in~, th~t a wager wa: laid him, that he could not refrain from it an hour in company. Before the time was expired, he h ppened to see a silor i die street, vho fad lost a leg, swingin~ between two ciutches ; owl imu~i ateli be~an to whistle the tune of 71 In ou h the wood laddie. Billy Snip went to sk~ te, when, the ice bein~ loose, He tWI in; but was savd by hood luck Cried the Tailor, Ill never niore leave my hotgooM, To reecive in return a cold duck. fThe science of Biblio~rctphq, is perhaps of all others the least known in this country, aith(M;gh there a fe~~ amaicui s who have a smattering of P. When boots ane libraries be- came multiplied, there was real utility, in it vben proj erly conducted, and there are some wocKs in this department that are invaluable. It has recently in England b~ come a most ex- pensive and fashionable pursuit, an(l much ridiculous exti a- va ~an ce is discovered, which in the mode in which it is now conducted, rather demands wealth than talent to become an adept. The principle author in this branch is the Rev. T. F. L)ibdin, who has published some amusing works, hat by their splendiJ decorations have te ided greatly to nouiKsh the Bibliomania. In the Gentlemans Magazine for June, there is a letter from him describing a work he has now in progress, and which I iay give an idea of the present slate of this fashionable pursnitj Kensi ~ ton, Jane 7. MP. I. RIIAN, On puNish~u~ the fourth and last vblume of the BlBLIO- rHEcA SPENcERIANA, I consider myself in some de~iree calL by the subscribers my reaa in~nv vorks eu upon to in hand, to state the pro:r ress they ~ce reakin~, amc~ the prolal~le pe~ rind ni their publica~imw The third voinme of tue Tvio~

P ~ [Nov PUNS. FROM THE G~NTLEMANS MAGAZINE. I wa~ told some time a~o of a pun iz~eing whistled at Cambridge. A mern er of that University was so a~w~ct- ed to pun. in~, th~t a wager wa: laid him, that he could not refrain from it an hour in company. Before the time was expired, he h ppened to see a silor i die street, vho fad lost a leg, swingin~ between two ciutches ; owl imu~i ateli be~an to whistle the tune of 71 In ou h the wood laddie. Billy Snip went to sk~ te, when, the ice bein~ loose, He tWI in; but was savd by hood luck Cried the Tailor, Ill never niore leave my hotgooM, To reecive in return a cold duck. fThe science of Biblio~rctphq, is perhaps of all others the least known in this country, aith(M;gh there a fe~~ amaicui s who have a smattering of P. When boots ane libraries be- came multiplied, there was real utility, in it vben proj erly conducted, and there are some wocKs in this department that are invaluable. It has recently in England b~ come a most ex- pensive and fashionable pursuit, an(l much ridiculous exti a- va ~an ce is discovered, which in the mode in which it is now conducted, rather demands wealth than talent to become an adept. The principle author in this branch is the Rev. T. F. L)ibdin, who has published some amusing works, hat by their splendiJ decorations have te ided greatly to nouiKsh the Bibliomania. In the Gentlemans Magazine for June, there is a letter from him describing a work he has now in progress, and which I iay give an idea of the present slate of this fashionable pursnitj Kensi ~ ton, Jane 7. MP. I. RIIAN, On puNish~u~ the fourth and last vblume of the BlBLIO- rHEcA SPENcERIANA, I consider myself in some de~iree calL by the subscribers my reaa in~nv vorks eu upon to in hand, to state the pro:r ress they ~ce reakin~, amc~ the prolal~le pe~ rind ni their publica~imw The third voinme of tue Tvio~

P ~ [Nov PUNS. FROM THE G~NTLEMANS MAGAZINE. I wa~ told some time a~o of a pun iz~eing whistled at Cambridge. A mern er of that University was so a~w~ct- ed to pun. in~, th~t a wager wa: laid him, that he could not refrain from it an hour in company. Before the time was expired, he h ppened to see a silor i die street, vho fad lost a leg, swingin~ between two ciutches ; owl imu~i ateli be~an to whistle the tune of 71 In ou h the wood laddie. Billy Snip went to sk~ te, when, the ice bein~ loose, He tWI in; but was savd by hood luck Cried the Tailor, Ill never niore leave my hotgooM, To reecive in return a cold duck. fThe science of Biblio~rctphq, is perhaps of all others the least known in this country, aith(M;gh there a fe~~ amaicui s who have a smattering of P. When boots ane libraries be- came multiplied, there was real utility, in it vben proj erly conducted, and there are some wocKs in this department that are invaluable. It has recently in England b~ come a most ex- pensive and fashionable pursuit, an(l much ridiculous exti a- va ~an ce is discovered, which in the mode in which it is now conducted, rather demands wealth than talent to become an adept. The principle author in this branch is the Rev. T. F. L)ibdin, who has published some amusing works, hat by their splendiJ decorations have te ided greatly to nouiKsh the Bibliomania. In the Gentlemans Magazine for June, there is a letter from him describing a work he has now in progress, and which I iay give an idea of the present slate of this fashionable pursnitj Kensi ~ ton, Jane 7. MP. I. RIIAN, On puNish~u~ the fourth and last vblume of the BlBLIO- rHEcA SPENcERIANA, I consider myself in some de~iree calL by the subscribers my reaa in~nv vorks eu upon to in hand, to state the pro:r ress they ~ce reakin~, amc~ the prolal~le pe~ rind ni their publica~imw The third voinme of tue Tvio~ 1818.1 Bibliography. 4?. GRAPHICAL AxTiqusTigs has been for some time in gradual propess through the press, and will a~ear towards the end or the pre.enw year. About one third Jit is already printed. The BlnLboeaarrnctL Duc& xnox demands a more cx- plici~ no ire. In the few copies of the Prospectus of this latter work, which I circulated arnon~~ my friends, I observed that it was my intention to exhibit in it, a union of elegant ornament avid intertsting information, upon subjects which were now S ~ ginning strongly in claim the attention of the publick ; and ~on irhich, in this country, very little accurate informa- I:on had, comparatively, been impartedand that eighteen uionhs had t en e a sed in the preparation of drawings and engravings for it. The parts or manner of the distribution ot I.e work, are as follows. First~day.Illuminated Manuscripts. Under this in- teresting department will be found embellishments, or faith- fully executed fac similes, illustrative of a few of the choicer and more splendid ass, in the libraries of the British Mu- stuns, of the Bodlejan, of Lambetis, of Westminster, and of a few distinguished private Collectors. 1 should be loth to promise what is not likely to be performed; or to incur the censure of vanity or presumption in asserting that the ma- terials already collected, in this department of the work, are more numerous, WON beautiful, and more faithful, than any which, to my knowledge, have come under the eye of the publick. Those friends who have seen the drawings al- ready made from she magnificent Missal of Pope Sextus [V. executed by Francesco Ferone.se and Giralomo dei Libri and formerly in the collection of Mr. Edwardsfrom the Roman de La Rose (in the British Museuui)from the ex- o.- ite sF0811 missel sold at the sale of the library of Mr. E wards (No. 829. now in the collection of Mr. North) and from the yet more celebrated roFume, known under the name of the Bedford Missal,from the MS. Detameron of Boccacio, in the collection of Mr. Coke of Jlolkham from fragments of old choral book, in the collection of Mr. W. 7. Ottleyfrom the MS. of the Greek Gospels in the collection of Mr. Dentas well as from several other precious specimens of early artare at liberty to declare their own unbiassed sentiments respecting the truth; or otherwise of the foregoing declaration. BibtiograpIt~ LNo~ Second day. Printed illissals, Breviaries and Hore~ Upwards of fifty wood cuts are already executed to give interest and beauty to this department of the work. From these will be seen the costume, and the prevailing taste (whether in droll or grave subjectschildrens pastimes, or deaths dances) of the timesthe variety, the richness, and the typographical difficulties of the execution of these publications, as well as the comparative state of the arts of design and engraving. The devices of Verard, Pigon- chet, Kerver, Hardouyn, Simon du Bois, & c. & c. & c. will also be found in this part of the work. Third day. Books print ed from ~vooden blocks ; and books containing ear/il and curious specimens ~f engrav- in~ ; Bibles ; Books of games and sports ; of manncrs and customs ; of studies and sciences. These subjects bespeak attention for theiselves. Numerous engravings in wood are already executed for their elucidation ; and among them will be found some interesting specimens illus- trative of the studies of Botany, Astrology, Chiromancy, & c. & c. three centuries a o. Books of Emblems are also noticed and illustrated by fac similes. Fourth day. Origin and progress of printing upoiz Ike continent. A concise and faithful outLine of this inter- esting subject is yet a desideratum in biliography. how far my past and present pursuits have fitted me fbi the task, the pullick is left to determine. Fifth day. Portraits, devices, and marks of ancient Printers. It will be obvious that this dep~rhnent of the work must be almost entirely decorative. Accordingly, there have been already cut in wood, f c sirniles of the devices of Vosire, Petit, Rembolt, I{egnault, Le Noir, Yost reman, Gilles de Gourmont, IVJ arnef, Roe he, Eusiace, Galliot du Pie, Borcard, Tailluer, Consin, Couteau, Ascen- sins, Colimeus, Idorel, the Stephenses, Ferend t, Chevel- lat, Arnazeur, Vignon, Lambert, & c. & c.among the French printers ;of Aldus and his family, of Giolito, the Sess~, the Girinta~, the Sabii, the Scoti, & c. among the Venetian pint vs ;of Froben, Oporinus Valentine Curio, Ileveagi us, Bryinger, Guarinus, Bebelius, isingrinus, & c. anion g the Basil printers ;of Plantin and Tibbald, & c. aruoiig the Antwerp printers ;of the Gryphii, the Frel ~ i or Fuellonii~ & c .--- mon the Lyons prinfrrs ;and ~f i~16.] Bibliography. 49 the Elzevirs and Hackizes, & c.among the Dutch printers. Of many of these, several varieties of their devices will be given: and I am already disposed to exult in the wealth of my collection, which contains not fewer than six dolphins of Aldus, and seven cats of the Sess~ Of the portraits of the printers, those of Froben and Piantin, upon copper (the first from an original painting in the possession of Earl Spencerand the second from a scarce print by Goitzius) cannot fail to be interesting to the lovers of fine printing, and learned printers. Sixth day. Of ancient and modern bookbinding and bookbinders. Fac similes of covers of old booksdis- playing tasteful and beautiful specimens of ancient art, in the Arabesque character, have been carefully selected. Anecdotes of modern bookbinders, with criticisms on their comparative merits, will form no uninteresting addition to this department of the work. Seventh day. Literary bibliography. The portraits of Mallinkrot, Mattaire, Meerrnan, Fabricius, Tiraboschi, and Lambecius, will appear in this division of the work. Eighth day. Of book sales by auction. This depart- ment of the work will necessarily form a continuation of what appeared in the Bibliomaniafrorn p. 404 to 612. Although I have been anticipated in a portion of it by the publication of Mr. Home, yet it seems essential to make such a continuationwhich will be found to contain some anecdotes not generally known. The Roxburgh, Stanley, Alehorne, Merley, Towneley, Edwards, Devonshire, and Grafton Book Sales, afford materials sufficiently varied fer the selection of the Book Chronicler. Ninth day. Eminent English Book.sellers and Print. ers. The portraits of the late Mr. T. Payne, of Mr. George Nicol, bookseller to his Majesty, of the first Caslon the type-founder, of Baskerville, and of Messrs. Nichols, Bensley and Bulmer, will be introduced in this department of the work. Tenth day. Account of some of the most distinguished publick and private Libraries, in Great Britain. The libraries of Durham, York and Lincoln Cathedrals, will be noticed in this department ; and a beautiful portrait of Dean Honeywood, the founder of the latter libraryas well as the portraits of James and Rousethe earliest Vol. II. No. 4. 7 N Biographie Modem.. ENov. librarians of the Bodlejan collection, will enrich this tenth and last division. Such is the Prospectus of the Bibliographical lie. eameron. It remains to make a observation of no small import~ce to the welfare of the work. Every candid and reflecting reader must allow, that, in the conduct of such a performance, consistently with the plan above laid down, which is intended to be rigidly carried into effectit will demand no trifling support in the shape of pecuniary re- sources. Nearly one thousand pounds have been already devoted to the decorations alone: but to complete the plan, another thousand will be essentially requisite. For this I purpos3 making an appeal to the liberality of my subacri- bern; and as the workis published entirely at my own ex- pense, to solicit for the first time, the contribution of one third of the subscription price. Upon the maturest consideration, and making due allow. ance for a calculation which cannot embrace a few unfore- seen contingencies, I do not imagine that these two vol- umes, printed in the best manner of the Shakespeare Press, in a small delicate type, upon paper of unusually fine sub- stance, nearly the whole of which has been already manu- factured for the workenriched with scarcely less than three hundred embellishments, and comprehending at lent 1000 pages, can be published at a price below that which the reader has probably before noticed; nor shall they a- eeed TI. iTs. Od. to the subscriber. The work will be dedicated, by permission, to his Grace the Duke of Devonshire; and I pledge myself it shall never be re-printed; as far as I hay, the power of carrying such pledge into effect. Yours, & c. T. F. DinDis. tO TAB EDiTOR. Sia, You have given in your last number some extracts from a work printed at Breslau, entitled Biographie Mederne, which is at the Atlientum. In the twenty-seventh number of the Edinburgh Review, there is an article of conside r- able extent, said to have been written by Mr. Walsh, on a work with the same title, printed at Leipsic; it may be

N Biographie Modem.. ENov. librarians of the Bodlejan collection, will enrich this tenth and last division. Such is the Prospectus of the Bibliographical lie. eameron. It remains to make a observation of no small import~ce to the welfare of the work. Every candid and reflecting reader must allow, that, in the conduct of such a performance, consistently with the plan above laid down, which is intended to be rigidly carried into effectit will demand no trifling support in the shape of pecuniary re- sources. Nearly one thousand pounds have been already devoted to the decorations alone: but to complete the plan, another thousand will be essentially requisite. For this I purpos3 making an appeal to the liberality of my subacri- bern; and as the workis published entirely at my own ex- pense, to solicit for the first time, the contribution of one third of the subscription price. Upon the maturest consideration, and making due allow. ance for a calculation which cannot embrace a few unfore- seen contingencies, I do not imagine that these two vol- umes, printed in the best manner of the Shakespeare Press, in a small delicate type, upon paper of unusually fine sub- stance, nearly the whole of which has been already manu- factured for the workenriched with scarcely less than three hundred embellishments, and comprehending at lent 1000 pages, can be published at a price below that which the reader has probably before noticed; nor shall they a- eeed TI. iTs. Od. to the subscriber. The work will be dedicated, by permission, to his Grace the Duke of Devonshire; and I pledge myself it shall never be re-printed; as far as I hay, the power of carrying such pledge into effect. Yours, & c. T. F. DinDis. tO TAB EDiTOR. Sia, You have given in your last number some extracts from a work printed at Breslau, entitled Biographie Mederne, which is at the Atlientum. In the twenty-seventh number of the Edinburgh Review, there is an article of conside r- able extent, said to have been written by Mr. Walsh, on a work with the same title, printed at Leipsic; it may be 1815.] Transaction. of lb. French Institute, he. 81 interesting to some of your readers to consult this Review. As the work at the Athonicum is a second edition, it is probable, that these absurd accounts of American characters were not contained in the Leipsic edition, or they would have been noticed by Mr. Walsh; if the article was written by him. it is rendering, a publick service to denounce books of this kind. What idea would be formed by a German of some of the most eminent characters in our country fiom perusing such a work. If a correspondence could be established between literary men of different coun- trici, some check might be given to the circulation of caldmny, by instantly denouncing to each other, every wua that should contain it. P. 0. FOR THE NORTH AMERKC& N JOURNAL. There have been lately received at the Athenmum, the transactions of the French Institute for the years 1813 and 1914, of which we will attempt to give a slight account. The analysis of the labours of the class of the mathematical aimi physical class is made by N. Delambre. It com- mences by noticing the publication of La mechanique ens iptique of the Count de Lagrange, whose death happened whle the second volume was printing. The great loss sustained by science in this event is deplored, and the hope encouraged that the influence of his writings will raise up others to complete them. This hope is justified by an allusion to one of the first works of Lagrange, the calcula- tion of probabilities, on which the last year a perfect trea, tissi had been given by the Count de La Place; and who ha.i lately applied his theory to one of the most difficult questions suggested by physical astronomy; the origin of comets and the nature of their orbits. Some account of this paper then follows. Its hypothesis is founded on a su~geation of Herschel relative to the origin of cowets. which rese:nbles much the doctrine of the ancients on this subject; and which 1ff. Pelambre thinks will tend to di- minish greatly the importance of these bodies, if it should prove to be well founded. The next paper mentioned is a memoir of 31. Burckhardt on the masses of the planets, and another of the same, on some of the equations in th. theory of J,iter; these are follou ed by an abstract of~ second memoir by H. Poisson of the distribution of elee-~

1815.] Transaction. of lb. French Institute, he. 81 interesting to some of your readers to consult this Review. As the work at the Athonicum is a second edition, it is probable, that these absurd accounts of American characters were not contained in the Leipsic edition, or they would have been noticed by Mr. Walsh; if the article was written by him. it is rendering, a publick service to denounce books of this kind. What idea would be formed by a German of some of the most eminent characters in our country fiom perusing such a work. If a correspondence could be established between literary men of different coun- trici, some check might be given to the circulation of caldmny, by instantly denouncing to each other, every wua that should contain it. P. 0. FOR THE NORTH AMERKC& N JOURNAL. There have been lately received at the Athenmum, the transactions of the French Institute for the years 1813 and 1914, of which we will attempt to give a slight account. The analysis of the labours of the class of the mathematical aimi physical class is made by N. Delambre. It com- mences by noticing the publication of La mechanique ens iptique of the Count de Lagrange, whose death happened whle the second volume was printing. The great loss sustained by science in this event is deplored, and the hope encouraged that the influence of his writings will raise up others to complete them. This hope is justified by an allusion to one of the first works of Lagrange, the calcula- tion of probabilities, on which the last year a perfect trea, tissi had been given by the Count de La Place; and who ha.i lately applied his theory to one of the most difficult questions suggested by physical astronomy; the origin of comets and the nature of their orbits. Some account of this paper then follows. Its hypothesis is founded on a su~geation of Herschel relative to the origin of cowets. which rese:nbles much the doctrine of the ancients on this subject; and which 1ff. Pelambre thinks will tend to di- minish greatly the importance of these bodies, if it should prove to be well founded. The next paper mentioned is a memoir of 31. Burckhardt on the masses of the planets, and another of the same, on some of the equations in th. theory of J,iter; these are follou ed by an abstract of~ second memoir by H. Poisson of the distribution of elee-~ 52 Transactions of the French Institute, (Nor. tricity on the surface of conducting bodies. Notice of the new memoirs of Ill. Riot on the polarization of light, is given next. A portable Barometer on a new constrncliOfl by M. Gay Lussac is described, and mention of a descrip- tion read to the class by Count Rumford of a thermometer, to measure the specifick heat of solids arid liquids. The analysis concludes v~ith a list of the books and memoirS presented to the class, and some remarks upon them. The analysis for 1314 by the same author, commences with an abstract of some memoirs of Mi. Riot, under the following heads ; New application of the theory of the oscillations of light ; On the physical properties which luminous mole- cules acquire hi traversing crislals of double refraction Discoicry of a physical difference in the nature of the p0- larizing powers of certain cristals ; on a particular species of poiarization which is observed in the Tournialine. Then follows the result of certain meteorological operations by RaronRamond. The next is an abstract of a memoir by ilL Poisson on elastick surfaces. A memoir of Laplace on the probability of testimonies, intended to complete his ana- lytical theory of probabilities is briefly mentioned. Tables of ill. Rurckhardt for the parabolick movement of comets, an account of an antique vase by M. Monger, a memoir by Count Andreossi, on the Bosphorus of rfhrace follow. These are succeeded by an interesting dissertation of De- lamb res on a dial found at Delos and on the gnomonicks of the ancients. The paper terminates as usual, with an account of the printed books and memoirs presented to the class. The department of Physicks is by ill. Cmnier; the ana- lysis for 1813, commences with several experiments on the con%~elation of water, by different chemists, in consequence of the discoveries of Leslie, this is followed by an account of some experiments of the various degrees of heat p05- sessed by the rays of light when dissected by the prism. Mention is made of some experiments upon alcohol to de- ci(le upon the manner of its formation. An account of the effects of a combination of azote and chlorine, by lYI. Du- long, which produces a fulminating oil, and a preparation extremely dangerous. This chemist lost one eye and his life nearly, in the experiments, which had also been nearly fatal before to Sir H. Davy. The class therefore advised 1815.) For the ~,ears 1813 and 1814. him to pursue it no further. Another fulminating powder from different materials had been accidentally discovered, an(I war supposed to have a strong analogy to the last. Van quelin foLmd all the qualities of ultramarine, in a sub- stance which had been found in taking to pieces a furnace constructed of particular materials, and this had occasioned a hope that a new mode might be produced of obtaining this precious colour. Some very curious experiments, in analyzing platina, had been made by Vauquelin. A short. mention is made of a new elementary treatise of chemistry by Thenard, accommodated to the present state of the science. The progress of mineralogy and geology is de- scribed, and the accurate investigations that have been made in the environs of Paris by Guvier and Brogniart, and also some new works now in progress by the latter, par- ticularly a general treatise of geology. Under the head of vegetable and botanical physiology, some ingenious obser- vations and discoveries of several botanists are given, and mention of two new works, one of M. Delille on the wild and cultivated plants of Egypt, which is to form part of the great work on that country ; and an abridged his- tory of the plants of the Pyrenees by ]JL de la Pe.~ - rouse. The recent labours of Guvier, Huber, Olivier and others in zoology, animal physiology and anatomy, follow, and some account of fishes, and interesting and minute inves- tigation of various insects given. The paper terminates with the-department of the Medicine and Surgery. A memoir of M. Chain bon on the danger encountered by anatomists in their dissections ; a work by a young Spanish physician, ill. Orfila, on poisons considered medically and juridically some remarkable cases by M. Pictet. A new work of ill. Portal on the diseases of the liver, and of M. Tenon on the means of prolonging life and enjoying health in old age, are the works noticed. The analysis for 1814, by the same, commences with some just and neat compliments to the allied Sovereigns and their followers, on the protection and respect they shewed to the sciences and the museums of the arts and sciences during their visit to Paris, in that year. He re- marks that the grand crusade was in part undertaken to re-establish the liberty of thinking and writin ~ and ex- presses strong hopes that science will be cultivated with 54 Transaction of the French Inetilwle, EKov. increased ardour and success for the future. His report commences with chemistry, and narrates the experiments of Berthollet, Davy, and others upon iode one of the most curious substances of recent discoveries ;and then fol- lows the account of further investigations of alcohol. K. Pelletier had communicated some experiments on the colouring matters obtained from sandal wood and orcanete. K. Vanquelins further experiments on platina and its com- ponent minerals are detailed. M. Monger had read a me- moir on the bronze of the ancients; it had been discovered that bronze was not like steel hardened by immersion in water when heated; but on the contrary left to cool slowly in the air: in consequence of this ill. Darcet had succeed- ed in making cymbals, the secret of which was said to lie known to only one workman in Constantinople, from whence all these instruments were obtained. Mineralogy and Ge- ology come next; some remarks on the fail of stones, and examination of their composition, are first given. N. (Juuier then speaks of the skeleton which was found about a cen- tury ago in a quarry in Switzerland, which had beeff thought to be that of a man, and had been placed in a mu- 5dsUfl)~ with this inscription, a man witness of Ike deluge. H. Curler having obtained leave to remove more of ihe stone in which it was enveloped, found that it was the skeleton, as he before supposed from seeing a drawing of it, ot a salamander. He had discovered also in the Gypsum of Montmartre a fossil head of an extinct species of animal, which he has called Paiaco therium medium. AL Hum- boWs history of the volcano of Jorullo is mentioned. In this as in most other scenes of nature, South America has rendered those of every other region almost insignificant in comparison. The labours of Botany are next related, and many dissertations of different botanists noticed. In the department of Anatomy and Zoology, several minute dis- coveries, in the construction of certain insects, and two ps era on different parts of the human body are detailed. xniwedicine and Surgery some strong recommendations of the English practice of amputation are given, particularly by if. Percy, who said he could speak of its good effects having had the sad advantage to perform more operations of this kind than perhaps any surgeon who ever existed. A rusher account is given of the work on poisons, by M. Or 181 t.] For tbe ~ea~ 1813 and 1814~ 1~) lila, mentioned in the analysis of 1813. The jxper con- c~ides with what had been done in Ab riculture and the Veterinary art. The notice of the labours of the class of the fine arts for 1814, is given by Mi. Le Breton. An accomt is rendered of several pieces of Musick, of several performances in p iut~ ing, sculpture and architecture, by the students who are pensioners of the government at Rome. A general account also is given of the progress of the arts in Paris, and vari- ous publications, French and foreign, connected with the Fine Arts. At the close is a list of the prizes in painti ~, architecture, sculpture and engraving, and of the artists who had obtained them. Among these is one for a Ii rary with several apartments attached to it, for purposes of the arts, and cabinets of natural history, which ~as to be erected somewhere in the south of France ; as thL is an establi~hment which we are in the most urgent want of here, and as there is some hope that we may soon obtain an edifice of this kind, it might be expedient to obtain copies of these plans, of which there were three that received prizes. The report of the labours of the ek ss of history and ancient literature, is made by ill. I~aunou. The best idea that can be given of these, in our brief limits, is the margi. nal notes which contain the titles of the memoirs which are as follow.. Observations of ill. Gail on a text of De- mosthenes relative to the topography of Athens. Mein(r of Mi. Gail on ~be geography of the environs of the Lw ripas, and on the expedition of Diitrephes against Myca- lessa. Researches about the place called Hermaion in Thucydides by M. Caussin. Observations of Mi. Gail on the sense of certain Greek words, and on the Lierm ~um ol Liiy. A second memoir of Mi. Caussift on the position of Hermaion or LIerm~urn. Mi. Gail and - F. Canssh on the meaning of certain Greek wor(ls. Pesearches of ill. Gail on the battle of Platea. Geographi ~al re. ear Th~s by 1111. Gail re~ecting Thrace, Macedoina, Thes~ ha, Ep~- thrace and illyria. Memoir of Al. Gail on this queiion, Is the 8th book of Thucydides ~enuine ~ Memo of I. Arna?iri Dntal upon an Italian dis, ertafon whi ~h t nded to prove that there existed town called Na & es in tlw ~t Transactions of the Fre~zch Institute, & ~. [Nov ancient Pencetian Apulia. Memoir of M. Valcnaer on a portion of the ancient Appian way. Researches by M. Valcnaer on a Roman way recently discovered between Seuis and Coulornmiers. Researches by the same on Ihe ancient itineraries of Persia and India, and on the marches of Alexander and Seleucus Nicator. A rnewoir on the subject of the Caspian gates. Remarks, by the same, on the denomination of Ca~pian, Caucasian and Sarmatian gates given to different defiles of Caucasus. Memoir of ill. Fan- cis de & iinl Vincent on the places in Pro~cnce where the CiinKi were vanquished by 1~Lirius. Letter of ill. Fauvel from Athens giving an account of some new researches in that nei~,hbourhood. The Journal of 31. Fourcade in Bos- 1113. Memoi~s on sonic charts of the middle ages, particu- larly those of Marino Saluto, and of lYlarco Polo which a~e in the hail deilo scido at Venice, by IlL Ilaillon. Me- rnoir of Al. Mouger on the exterior tunick. lYlemoir by tue sauic on the bronze of the ancients. Notice of ~inted vases ; observations on a medal of Ihe city of Skis ; on the se~mlchral monuments of Campanus, etc. by ill. i}lillin. IViemoir of the Count de la Borde on the three monuments relative to the history of Orestes. Memoir of the same on Arabian architecture. On the influence of Christianity in the abolition of slavery, by Count Grego ire. On the infinence of Christianity on the condition of women, by the same. Mcmoir of Ill. Clavier on the question, whether the ancients punished or tolerated abortion? Memoir of ilL. Boirsor~rrde on the same question. Memoir by the same on the letters of Crates the Cynick. Memoir of 1W. Bernc~rdi on Galerius Trachalus. Memoir on the arrival o~ Fri~,ga Vriduifson or Odin in Scandinavia by 111. Graber qfHeimo. Examination of the systems relative to the orurln of the Russians, by 111. Daunon. Answer of 1W. Peb~t Radel to the preceding memoir. Memoir of Baron de b~4acy on a treaty between the Genoeze of Pera and the Prince of th~ Butgarians. Memoir of Count Lai~juinai~ on %he Latin Supines. Notice of the ~ife of Machiavel, 5CIVI]t~ ~5 an introduction to the examination of his works, bT uk. (hwiguene~ 1815.] Account of the September Storms. FOR THE NORTH-AMERICAN JOURNAL. The tempest of the 23(1 of September, which caused so m~~ch injury in Connecticut, Rhode-island, and Massachu- se~ts, has been fully described in all the newspapers ; bid its violence was so remarkable, that it may be interesting to record an epitome of these accounts in this Journal. The months of August and September, have this year pro(1uced repeated hurricanes, and more exter~sn e disasters at sea, th~in have happened for upwards of thirty years. Many of the Islands in the West Indies ha~e been visited by them, and a great number of vessels lost, particularly at Ma:tinjque and St. B rtholoniews, which latter Island has encountered two of them. At sea the whole extent from the West indies alon~ the Gulf stream to the banks of Newioundland, has been swept by successive gales. The shore of the United States has experienced several fresh gales, but only two that have done much damage ; one on the coast of North Carolina on the 3d of September, in which many vessels were driven on shore, and many build- in~s unrooffed or blown down; the effects of this did not extend beyond the sea coast of that state; the other, which happened on the 23d of September, was more violent and (lest ru ct iv e. This may be described as the Equinoctial gale, terminated by a hurricane. Its violence extended over a space of eighty or ninety miles square, and was felt in a south east direction at sea to an uncertain distance. During the greatest violence of the gale from the east to south-east in this district, the wind was north and north-west, at Philadelphia, moderate, and the weather mild. At New-York they had a north- east gale of wind, of no greater violence than is usual at the Equinox, and no important injury vas received. At Boston, there was on Friday, the 22d of September, a strong gale from the north ca-i, which increase(l in violence on the next day, the wind changing to the east and b!owing till about eleven oclock, when it shifted to the south east, and bore a hurricane character, of grel fury, for about two hours. Between one and two oclock it came to the southwest, and the afternoon was quite mihi an I pleasant, aad the atmo sphere pioc, clear, and caIm~ VoL II. No. 4

1815.] Account of the September Storms. FOR THE NORTH-AMERICAN JOURNAL. The tempest of the 23(1 of September, which caused so m~~ch injury in Connecticut, Rhode-island, and Massachu- se~ts, has been fully described in all the newspapers ; bid its violence was so remarkable, that it may be interesting to record an epitome of these accounts in this Journal. The months of August and September, have this year pro(1uced repeated hurricanes, and more exter~sn e disasters at sea, th~in have happened for upwards of thirty years. Many of the Islands in the West Indies ha~e been visited by them, and a great number of vessels lost, particularly at Ma:tinjque and St. B rtholoniews, which latter Island has encountered two of them. At sea the whole extent from the West indies alon~ the Gulf stream to the banks of Newioundland, has been swept by successive gales. The shore of the United States has experienced several fresh gales, but only two that have done much damage ; one on the coast of North Carolina on the 3d of September, in which many vessels were driven on shore, and many build- in~s unrooffed or blown down; the effects of this did not extend beyond the sea coast of that state; the other, which happened on the 23d of September, was more violent and (lest ru ct iv e. This may be described as the Equinoctial gale, terminated by a hurricane. Its violence extended over a space of eighty or ninety miles square, and was felt in a south east direction at sea to an uncertain distance. During the greatest violence of the gale from the east to south-east in this district, the wind was north and north-west, at Philadelphia, moderate, and the weather mild. At New-York they had a north- east gale of wind, of no greater violence than is usual at the Equinox, and no important injury vas received. At Boston, there was on Friday, the 22d of September, a strong gale from the north ca-i, which increase(l in violence on the next day, the wind changing to the east and b!owing till about eleven oclock, when it shifted to the south east, and bore a hurricane character, of grel fury, for about two hours. Between one and two oclock it came to the southwest, and the afternoon was quite mihi an I pleasant, aad the atmo sphere pioc, clear, and caIm~ VoL II. No. 4 58 Account of flee September Storms. The strength of the wind, and its tornado character, yaK principally felt over the range of country between New- London and Netvburyport, and its greatest intensity be- twe~n Rhode Island, and Worcester in Massachusetts. The greatest injury was suffered by some towns on the south nhore of Massachusetts, on Rhode Island, Stoninglon an4 Providence. This injury was occasioned by the great rise of the tide, which drove the vessels on shore, forced them against dwelling and ware houses situated near the edge or the water, and washed away and destroyed many buildings, and damaged much valuable merchandize. Prove- deuce suffered most, and even the lowest estimate of their loss, which was at first greatly exaggerated, would have made the storm a very serious calamity to the town. In Boston the damage was in no particular case very considera- ble, and this was owing to the circumstance of the gale abating two hours before high water, which saved the ware- houses in the lower parts of the town from destruction. The loss of lives was comparatively small, though in some cases very distressing, as in one instance of an individual who witnessed his wife and children riahiug before his eyes, without the possibility of saving tIm, About twenty persons were drowned or killed, by the failing of buildings in different places. It fortunately occurred in the day time; hundreds would have been destroyed, if it had taken place by night. Its ravages in the country, were felt in the total or partial destruction of buildings, and the tearing up of trees. In the district before mentioned hardly an in- dividual escaped from some injury in this way. The air was hot and suffocating at intervals during the time that the wind came from the south and south-east, the atmosphere was filled with the salt water which was taken up and dispersed into mist by the force of the wind. This salt mist was leftupon objects at s distance of forty miles from the sea, so as to be perceptible to the taste. Large numbers of gulls and qea birds werq also carried to the same distance. And it was said, in one place, that an immense flock of white headed Eagles and Hen Hawks, amounting to thousands, passed over towards the westward, the tks5 precedisq the hurricane. At New-London the brooks and spriilgR were turned brackish for a day or two, and some of le wells dry during the pie. The leaves of the trees faded, 1815.] Os the pleasure derived, & c. at perhaps from the joint effects of the friction, and the salt mist, and had the same appearance as if scorched by the fire. Borne of the earlier kinds, such as the willows, lilacks, & c. have since put out a new set of leaves. The violence of the wind may be appreciated from its having entirely di.. masted vessels as they lay at anchor, with their wails furled, and from its havock among the frees. Upwards of twenty elm; in Boston alone, some of which were thre. feet in diameter at five feet from their roots, were torn entirely out of the ground. It is worthy of remark, that every onE of these were of the European species. Not a single American elm was started, though many of their branches were twisted ott. Oat of a whole row on the western edge of the common, all the American, but only a single Euro- pean elm, escaped As our elan is in itself a much hand- somer tree, an is so much stronger in its hold on the earth from the wide spread of its roots, it is perhaps expedient to give it the preference in all plantations. The American. elm however is subject to having its foliage destroyed by worms, which do not attack the other species. Though the gale was so severe and miachievons at Boston, it did little damage at Salem. The latter town had previously experienced a serious disasters in a hail storm, on the first of August, which in the course ten minute. broke 130,000 panes of glass. The season has in other respects been remarkable. The month of July was hotter and driqr than it had been known to be for twenty-five years; and the months of August and September, an almost constant succession of cloudy and wet weather, ac- conpanied with east and north-east winds; while at a short distance from the coast, and over the whole Atlantick, the winds have been almost without interruption westerly. 303 THU NORTH-AMNRicAN JOURNAL. On the pleasure derird from witnessing scenes of distress6 We often derive pleasure from scenes of distress, both in real life and in the works of fiction. It is the object of the following remarks to state some of the evidence of the fact, and to explain the cause.

1815.] Os the pleasure derived, & c. at perhaps from the joint effects of the friction, and the salt mist, and had the same appearance as if scorched by the fire. Borne of the earlier kinds, such as the willows, lilacks, & c. have since put out a new set of leaves. The violence of the wind may be appreciated from its having entirely di.. masted vessels as they lay at anchor, with their wails furled, and from its havock among the frees. Upwards of twenty elm; in Boston alone, some of which were thre. feet in diameter at five feet from their roots, were torn entirely out of the ground. It is worthy of remark, that every onE of these were of the European species. Not a single American elm was started, though many of their branches were twisted ott. Oat of a whole row on the western edge of the common, all the American, but only a single Euro- pean elm, escaped As our elan is in itself a much hand- somer tree, an is so much stronger in its hold on the earth from the wide spread of its roots, it is perhaps expedient to give it the preference in all plantations. The American. elm however is subject to having its foliage destroyed by worms, which do not attack the other species. Though the gale was so severe and miachievons at Boston, it did little damage at Salem. The latter town had previously experienced a serious disasters in a hail storm, on the first of August, which in the course ten minute. broke 130,000 panes of glass. The season has in other respects been remarkable. The month of July was hotter and driqr than it had been known to be for twenty-five years; and the months of August and September, an almost constant succession of cloudy and wet weather, ac- conpanied with east and north-east winds; while at a short distance from the coast, and over the whole Atlantick, the winds have been almost without interruption westerly. 303 THU NORTH-AMNRicAN JOURNAL. On the pleasure derird from witnessing scenes of distress6 We often derive pleasure from scenes of distress, both in real life and in the works of fiction. It is the object of the following remarks to state some of the evidence of the fact, and to explain the cause. On the j)lca~1trC derived ~frui;t tNo Children, when they are not wanting in the affecti ms of humanity which cultivation and experience will unbid, sorn times inflict pain upon small animals for amusement. Crowns, in which may be found both sexes and all ages, assemLe round a criminal at the whipping-post, at the galIow~, and at other places of publick punishment. They run eagerly to the bloody contests of pugilists, to bull-baitings, and to the cock-pit. The Roman ladies habitually attended the combats of gladiators, and gave open applause when a suc- cessful effort was made by any of the combatants against another, although it might be at the expense of a limb o~ of life. A multitude is collected to behold a conflabration, an engagement between rival ships, a fleet in distress from a tempest, or armies falling in mutual destruction. In the li~hter operations of this la~v of our nature, w.~ find that not only the rude and simple, but the humane and die intelligent, when called neither by business nor duty, i~it jails, hospitals, mad-houses, and other institutions which exhibit pain and suffering. They who are most culti~ated and benevolent, take delight in the emotions excited by the well wrought scenes of distress which are invented by the muse of Tragedy, or the genius of Romance. The power of real history is universal among rea(lers of every descrip- tion, to fasten their attention upon the sufferings it records, and to make them return with renewed interest to its sym- pathetick pages. We may extend our view even beyond the scenes of this life, and m rk the effect produced upon the soul by the pictures of misery in another. We have seen by the experiment, how much l)leasure coarse minds, which are not proper subjects for better modes of excite- ment, can receive from beng roused by bold declamation upon the torments of eternity. They love the vehement eloquence which kindles only at the strong blaze of the infernal pit. They have not yet learned to enjoy the finer feelings which arise from enlightened understam1ings, ele- vated moral sentiments, and a cultivated taste. They drink not at the fountains of that high arid holy 1)leasure which springs from the eloquence of divine philosophy, troni affectionate, but rational religion. Still, this law of our na~ure in regard to the piea~ure derived from scenes of dis- tress is essentially ~he same in the rude and the refined. Cultivation does not annihilate old facLities and create new ii ~ I ~I w itn~ssing scenes of Disfrema. ones, but unfolds, directs, and sanctifies such as we havc ai~eady ;eceived in common from our Maker. No one caii be found, however perfectly endowed and educated, /ho does not take pleasure Loin the exer- cise ~f compassion, who is not willing to have his breast a~i~ a~cd & ~y the sufferings of others. The Deity himself ha~ sifections. His mind is not mere intellect without f~ing or sympathy. He is not satisfied with the posse~~ sion of knowled~e without love, with the exercise of power without a heart to be interested, in the benevolent results of his piovidence. Every creature he has made shares in his aWections, and the virtue and happiness of each contribute to the enjoyment of his own divine existence. having su~gested some of the CVi(lence of the fact that we often derive pleasure from scenes of distress, we will attempt an illustration of the cause. We do not suppose that the distress of others is, in itself, a source of pitasure to an uncorrupted mind, but that many scenes of distress call into operation such a variety of our faculties as to pcoduce pleasure upon the whole, and sometimes to a very gieat degree. The pain of another, simply considered, probably never pleasant even to a perverted mind. When we are excited by anger, by envy, by revenge, by wound- e(J pride or disappointed ambition, we may be gratified with the pain which we are able to inflict; we may enjoy a malignant and transient happin-ss in contemplating the misery of those whom we hate. It is not in any of these respects that we design to pursue our inquiry. We mean to consider the mind, in the analy is we make of this suhject, as in a natural and benevolent state, warmed ith ood affections, and influenced by worthy inot iVffi?. The first cause which we shall mention of the pleasure derived from scenes (if distress is syrupaihy. 13; this is meant fellow feeling in general, the ci~pacitv to he affected by the affection of another without limiting the lmression to those operations of the mi ~d which arc painful. We sympathize in the picasares s well as in ~he pains of others. Sympathy, accordin to the meaning of the term, is social in its nature, and is one of the elements of benevolence, The exercise of it is often n1lFrnale, an end in itself, a pleasure beyond which we make no inquiry fbr the rea~m of its existence. The emotions, which sympathy frst 0 the pleasure derived from ENov~ produces, are prior to any speculations of the understanding aboit them, and cannot of course be selfish or mercenitry~ To give action to such a power of the mind is a ~ood, a feiicily, without considering the relief of distress, or die co-operation in virtuous enterprises, to which it is often de- si~ned to lead us, and in which we discover a fun her end of its excitement. All scenes of distress, which ia~erest our sympathy, do not a~1ord us pleasure. Some of them are attended by such odious or barbarous circumstances a5 to make pain and disgust predownin te. From these we fly. The de~ree of natural sensibility, cultivation, past a55O~Ia- tions and habits, are to he considered when we inquire into the effect which a given scene will pro(iUce upoli a gixen mind. What may engage and please a child, ma) oiieni~ and shock him when he becomes a man. An execution, which inig ht interest and entert~in the ralhie, wouhi te a sointe of misery only to a refined and eievaed mind. It i~ ~ w er a neral law of our nature that whatever excites CIII s~ in- pashy shaH ~ive us pleaure in a greater or less de~.ree. To he moved, to be roused, to be strongly a ifc ted, 15 itself delightful; and is, under suitable modificiejons, co eted by all. Apathy is one of the great enei)jea ot hiim~tn h~:p piness, and whatever will relieve us fiom this we eii~race or pursue with ardour. The e hitaration arising from lear, or a sense of danger, when the mind is not oo powenlilly affected, is pleasant and often sought, often renewed. It is one of the most lively enjoyments of the young and enter- prising. This also constitutes the interest which many persons feel in the pictures of a local hell, burning with elemental fire. It relieves the apathy of unthinking minds, which have few resources, and gratifies the love of strong e motions. Before we leave the subject of sympathy we ought to offer a remark upon those forms of it which are not ti;ouht to be benevolent. We may be made to sympathize with the spirit of anger and revenge, an(l to associate vith omhcrs in the accomplishment of a vicious purpose. Lieme, how- ever, the sympathy itself is laudable, although it may be 1)erx~en1ed and abused. It is still social and benevolent as far as its own objects are concerned. It seeks 14 hat is esteemed to he a 00(1 for tho; a mom ii is a mached, and tile ~r tific tion of it is a LPtimate pleasure. The possessor )815.j witnessing scenes of Distress. 63 may deserve censure ior his views and motives, while the ~ymp~aibv itseif is innocent and amiable. T:~ secoud cause to be mentioned in this inquiry is curio sitq. This is one of the most active properties of our nature. When it is enlightened and ivell directed, it is a1~o one of the most honourab~e, ireful, and deli hiful The abuses of it, which prevail in the conversation and piirsui~s o~ some of the tiembers of society, are sufficiently conte;pttble, and produce considerable misery in the circles of weakness and folly. But in its genuine and devated character it is a stiiiiulus to knowledge and enter- prise, a motive to activity and virtue, a source of perma- nent interest and happiness. It is connected ~~tl1 the most vaHabie operations of the mind, evidently with the cultiva- tion of the understanding, and as really, though riot as obvi- O~sh% with sympathy. Curiosity makes us feel an interest in oiL~s, and thus tends to make others feel an interest in us. When a minds curiosity is worn out, or permit led to slecp, its sympathy also has little or no activity. We then cea~e to olease and to be pleased. Apathy oppresses us in solitutle, and makes us a weight in society. On this account, those who have travelled and seen much, who have had great experience, whose knowledge is extensive and whose power to en~a~e and delight others is unlimited, are some- times found to be the most dull and depressing companions. They are no~ only without vivacity themselves, but they spread a deadening influence over the vivacity of others. Persons in every respect inferiour to them, except in curi- osity and sympathy, are far more instructive and useful as well as au~reeable. Whenever we find a learned and intelligent old man, who has preserved his curiosity and s vn )pathy in the midst of his attainments and experi- ence, who maintains his interest in the persons and scenes around him, who cherishes the vivacity of youth in his heart, while snows cover his head, and whose affections have been warmed anti elevated in proportion to the en- largement of his understanding and his views, we spontane- ously love and admire him as the perfection of omir nature, as one who has anticipated the spirit and the virtues of im- m ortality. In all new and interesting sc nes, whether of enjoyment or suffering, curiosity goes with :vmpathy, and furnishes a 64 On the pleasure derived from [Non large of the pleasure whose causes this essay is de- signed toexp lain. it is curiosity especially which lads us so eagerly to seek the place from whence. report of alarm or distress may have spread. Nearly allied to curiosity is the love of novelty. Those two properties of the mind appear to be quite distinct. Curiosity is higher and heifer than the love of novelty. The latter may exist in light and unfurnished minds which have nothing of that spirit of inquiry and analysis which characterizes the former. Such minds may desire change merely as a relief from ennui; and not at all as a source of new attainments in knowledge, sympathy, or virtue. Cu- riosity may be cherished in a high degree where then is little or no love of change, where the spirit of inquiry is vigorously pursued in a course of life which the lovers of novelty would call insufferably monotonous and dull. Cu- riosity and the love of novelty, however, are nearly allied in producing the pleasure which arises from scenes of dis- tress. Another source of this pleasure is thought by some to be a secret comparIson which we make between our own security as spectators, and the distress of the sufferers. If this he true, it is selfish, and dishonourable. But it seems to us not to be among our early impressions. It has too much of deliberate caiculaton to mingle with the spon- taneous and rapid emotions which occupy the mind, and give it the interest of the occasion. If this comparison he made at all, it must be very late in the operations of the mind, and must rather constitute a part of the pleasure in reviewing or describing the scene after it is past. In witnessing some scenes of distress the emotions of sublirnily and piety are highly excited in the beholder, and gie a strong and sacred interest to the mind. We see courage, fortitude, magnanimity, all the generous and disinterested virtues. A good man preserving his integrity and equanimity, when surrounded by dangers and suffer- ings, is proverbially one of the noblest objects of contem- plation, and fills the soul with the most exalted sentiments while it imparts the purest pleasure. But what in technical language is called.the final case, or in common language the end, for which this pleasure rmm scenes of distress is made to arise, is an important 1815.] ~witnessing scenes of Distress. article in I he illustration of this subject. The end is, that by our spontaneous impulses we may be put in the place, and in the way of extending relief when it is wanted, and when it is in ~ur power to afford it. Numberless are the in~auces in which our feelings have led us, without any p~evious thought of usefulness or duty, to the opportunity of doin~ the most honourable and benevolent actions, and tlwn prompted us to use it, while our reason has been left to come in afterward to examine and weigh at its leisure. the ~ierit of the impulse and the achievement. Were our passions as slow, as our systematick investigations, we could do and enjoy but little in this short life. By their prompt apd powerful efforts we are often thrown into situations, w here we cannot but be (lisinterested and maananimous w~ere we open to ourselves sources of thought, feeling and enjoyment to which we should never have been conducted Wv cold calculation. It is a great purpose in this arrange- ment of Providence to unfold our powers and form our cha- racters. For this end we must have trials and distresses as well as blessings and encouragements. We arrive at the knowledge of others only through the labours and strug~ g~es of our own minds. We cannot develope our faculties, understand our nature, and enjoy our existence, without the rJations, the wants, and t sympathies of society. It is a ..luable end, which is to be answered by the interest we lake in the distress of others, that we are thus led to the pa~e and the opporh~nity of relief, and are assisted in un- folding the powers of ~he mind and in forming a benevolent character. Another cause of the interest and pleasure we derive from scenes of distress, lies in that which has beca already illustrated in part by the remarks upon sympathy and curiosity, but which as embracing other faculties dese a distinct consideration We mean mental exercise, he employment of the mind without any reference to a further end, or to any result in practice. Mental exercise is de. sitble in itself; and is often tdlirnate, when said of the mind at large, as much as when it is said of sympathy in pa icular. It is not only to be desired because it re~ li-yes us fron languor, which is a real evil, but because it is .rz ind~en (lent pleasure, a positive good. We eat not mere!v ~o snPl)Ort life or remove the pain of hunger, but heca~se here is a pleasure in the action. We ex~scise Vol. II. No. 4. 9 68 021 the pleasure derived from [Nov. our bodies not merely to do business and preserve health, but because the exercise is itself an enjoyment. It is the same with the mind. Whatever gives it action, whatever awakens it to effort, is welcomed as a source of happiness. Whoever thinks that happiness consists in the repose, the inaction of the mind, rather than in its efforts is like the man who should make the horses in his coach stand still, because he could hold the reins more easily. We miTht offer a further illustration of the pleasure de- rived from some scenes of distress, by the operation of a sense of justice, and of the propriety of retribution. Pain inay be inflicted either as a punishment, as a motive to reformation, or as a trial of character for future reward. In any of these relations, the mind looks at the wisdom and benevolence of the object, and is thus reconciled to the pain. But this view of the subject does not belong to our plan of treating it. In regard to imaginary scenes of distress, the remarks already made about those which are real, are generally am plicable. But to these we must add the interest and (le- liaht which result from the genius, taste, and feeling of the -iler. We probably weep more generally and easily over hn ~ginary distress, or simple and natural descriptions of tile sufferings of generous minds, than over distress which is real and present. In the real and present distress of others, especially among the poor, there are often circum- stances of coarseness, vulgarity, deception, and selfishness which disgust us, which weaken the force of sympathy, and leave us to act more from a sense of duty than from impulse. The mind is employed in devising the means of relief, of alleviation, or of correction. It has the spirit of business to check its sensibility. Duty and example often require habitual self-command, and forbid any outward ex- hibition of weakness, or what might be considered as such. But in iriuginary distress, or in the descriptions of suffering, the circumstances are all selected and arranged for the pur~ pose of sentimental effect. XVhatever. would mar the in~ terest is excluded. All the sentiments expressed are noble and disinterested, or selfish and dishonourable, according to the wants and wishes of genius, and the force of contrast to heighten the description. The mind of the reader is left perfectly free from the responsibility of action, and may indulge jt5 feelings ~ind its tears without the check which 1R15.J witnessin~ scenes of Distress. 7 the task of business or relief would impose. That one should weep over a novel, or a tragedy, and not at the sntleiings of the poor around him, at the sorrows of the bereaved, or the distress of the persecuted, is no proof of the want of sensibility. He who is most ejicient to discover and relieve the wants of the community, is never the nan of tears, while disc h~rging the great duties of phil inHiropy. But place the same generous benefactor, after a day spent in active benevolence, at the fireside of his pariour, sur- rounded by his family, reading a well wrought tale of wo, and his eyes will fill with fears at the sympathetick turns of the story, and the disinterested sentilhents of c mic ted virtue. In a review of our remarks upon this subject, the pleasure which we derive from scenes of distress both in real life, and in the works of fiction, appears to arise from sympathy, from curiosity, from the love of novelty, from our attach- inent to strong emotions and excitements, from the valuable and practical end which our interest in the distress of others promotes, from the developement of our faculties and the formation of character, from mental exercise gener~ ally, from a sense of justice and retribution, from the idea of a probation in order to deserve a future reward, from invention and skill in the productions of genius, and from the social and generous nature of our passions. THE NORTh-AMERICAN REVIEW. Sketch of the United NIates of North-America, at th~ commencement of the nineteenth century, from U~( to 1 3 1 0 ; with sta~sticai tables, and a new flWJ) by the author; containing all the late discoveries, and e.ccMbii- ing the division of Territori( 1 zones, bovndary lines, & c. by Le Chevalier Felix de Bern jour, a cieni mcr~m her of the Tribunate, late French Consul General in the United ~tates, author of the view of the commerce of Greece, & c. & c. Translated from the French, nith illustrative notes and appe~ dix. By William Walton, Esq. London, 1814, 8vo. pp. 363. NATIONS resemble individuals in one respect, they are in their youth jealous and irritable on the subject of the opinions the world entertains of them; and are very apt to resent with great warmth retiexions, which acquired expe- rience, matured dignity, and greater knowledge of human character, justified them in passing by with indifference or contempt. Few nations have received more provoca- tions from travellers than the United States; these ha e sometimes created, greater irritation than such attacks should have excited, when it is considered from what sources they commonly originated. A certain degree of feeling, however, on this subject is not without salut ry ef1~cts. Since a proper susceptibility on the score of national character, may ii1spire others with respect for what is watchfully defended, and in the mutual intercourse now existing between nations, the professed libellers of ano- ther nation may be brought to shame in their own, by a manly en position of their calumnies. It has been our lot to he extravagantly extolled, or coarsely misiepresented the latter course has been the one pursued by almost every English traveller, and by most recent French writeAs. 1 e took up this hook with some curiosity to see what would be the tone of the author, jd if this be not perfectly satis- factory, to tho~.. who arc ~ery anxious for praise, it has tn

THE NORTh-AMERICAN REVIEW. Sketch of the United NIates of North-America, at th~ commencement of the nineteenth century, from U~( to 1 3 1 0 ; with sta~sticai tables, and a new flWJ) by the author; containing all the late discoveries, and e.ccMbii- ing the division of Territori( 1 zones, bovndary lines, & c. by Le Chevalier Felix de Bern jour, a cieni mcr~m her of the Tribunate, late French Consul General in the United ~tates, author of the view of the commerce of Greece, & c. & c. Translated from the French, nith illustrative notes and appe~ dix. By William Walton, Esq. London, 1814, 8vo. pp. 363. NATIONS resemble individuals in one respect, they are in their youth jealous and irritable on the subject of the opinions the world entertains of them; and are very apt to resent with great warmth retiexions, which acquired expe- rience, matured dignity, and greater knowledge of human character, justified them in passing by with indifference or contempt. Few nations have received more provoca- tions from travellers than the United States; these ha e sometimes created, greater irritation than such attacks should have excited, when it is considered from what sources they commonly originated. A certain degree of feeling, however, on this subject is not without salut ry ef1~cts. Since a proper susceptibility on the score of national character, may ii1spire others with respect for what is watchfully defended, and in the mutual intercourse now existing between nations, the professed libellers of ano- ther nation may be brought to shame in their own, by a manly en position of their calumnies. It has been our lot to he extravagantly extolled, or coarsely misiepresented the latter course has been the one pursued by almost every English traveller, and by most recent French writeAs. 1 e took up this hook with some curiosity to see what would be the tone of the author, jd if this be not perfectly satis- factory, to tho~.. who arc ~ery anxious for praise, it has tn 1815.] United States of North-America. Borne degree disappointed us to find in the joint production of a Frenchman, and an Englishman, we are neither treated wilh scurrility, nor constant misrepresentation. The notes added by the Translator, are long anti numerous, he seems t) be tolerably well acquainted with the country ; on politi- ci questions he justifies the conduct of his own government, but without rancour, and though the war existed at the time, his observations are delivered generally in a tone of gotd temper an& mode ration. M. de Beaujours work, which appeared last year, was composed in 1810, and ought, he says in his preface, to have appeared in that year; the translator declares that the reason, why it was not published previously, was because it contained neither flattery of the Imperial Government, nor spoke with sufficient asperity of England, both of which were necessary to obtain an imprimatur. The author re- marks that he has observed the country less in itself than in its relations with other nations; because my principal object was to be useful to my own, to which my whole en~Ieavours were directed. It would consequently be wrong to impute to me prejudices, either in favour of, or injurious to the Americans. I have neither wished to praise them, in order to pass censure on some nations, or disparage them to flatter the pride of others; for I have candidly described whatever I found good or bad amongst them, as a means of inducing them to correct their own vices, as well as to lead other nations to imitate their virtues. Such has been my object, and this will at all times serve as an excuse, if any thing should have escaped me that may bear the appearance of severity. The work is described in the authors own words as follows ; This sketch is divided into five chapters ; in the first of which, I describe the physical aspect of the United States ; in the second their political state ; in the third and fourth, their commercial relations with the prim cipal nations of Europe, particularly with France and England; and in the fifth, I hriefly display their political relations with the various nations of the world. The first chapter describing the physical aspect of the United States is destitute of novelty. T lie f~ ctsa ni ideas are mostly from Mitchell and Maclure and ney. We shall select one pasa e from this chapter, as a very finished example of the art of gencrulizurg. TO United States [Nov~ In the United States, every thing still hears the stamp of a new country, where the hand of man has not ye; per- fected the work of nature. The eye in vaiim seeks out those varied and fertile fields, that neat and brilliant am pea rmce which, in Europe, every where strikes the traveller ; no country in the world presents so sad and wild an aspect. An eternal forest, cut only into clear spaces or intervals, in which hamlets are placed ; sown ~ieids or ponds stre~tms intersecting this forest in various direction~, and all descenlin~ from the double chain of the Ailediar;ys to the west of these mountains, small swamps which issue into the large one where the Mississippi flows ; to the east, a low and level coast, scattered over with mard~es, and on this same coast, six large towns, and an infinite iiumber of small ones, all built of brick, or wooden phaks, painted in different colours ; on every side, massit c and lofty trees or forests of shrubs which hide the land wherever the eye turns, it beholds an hideous soil and coarse atmosphere ; nature, in short, ~loomy and unhar- monized ; such is the general aspect of the whole coun~ try. What most strikes the traveller, who for tJ~e first lime lands there, is the immensity of the fore~,ts, the extent of the waters, their varied forms, and the movement and colouring they spread over the landscape. Some of the cits whose excursions never exceed a dozen miles from their towns, and whose ideas have not even so wide a range, would stare at this picture, tthich is only calculated for effect. A man who sets down with the map before him, to survey the territory of the United States, from the sea coast to the sources of the Mississippi, or from the Atlantick to the Pacifick,will indeed find that the cultured fields bear a small proportion, to the almost illimitable ex- tent of forest, like a sp!endid embroidery on a vast piece of drapery. A companion picture might even be found in some countries of Europe, and with certain provinces of Germany, Poland and the vast regions of Russia, under consideration the cultivation would not contribute much to enliven the landscape. The predominance of wood in our surface, is almost every where, too great for the com~ position of beautiful scenery, and this is very striking t~ Europeans, who possess bitt few forests, and who e coun 181 ~.7j of North America. try is either a blank desart heah, or an extensive surface of grain ; but theie are very considerable districts in the United Sates, which afford many extensive tracts of fine cuitivation. XVe are at a loss to know how the epithet coiise can be applied to the atmosphere. That of Gr ece and the south of Europe, is more generally serene, yet not alwa~s more beaiitit~d, but the atmosphere of the north of Fiance, to say nohin~ of snore northein parts of Eniope, cannot bear a comparison with ours in point of brilliancy and bea ty. We shall make an extract from the second chapter, treating of the l)Olitical state of the United States, to shew lone of M. de Beaujours opinions of our government. This government has only just made its first appear- atace on the political scene ; and certainly the first ap- pea iasice of a government on the political scene, resem- bles that of a young man in the world. In the first place, his pulse is felt to see whether he is possessed of courage; but when he has once established his reputation, he is left quiet. Tne United States would have spared themselves many wars and misfortunes, if they had repelled with force the first injuries done them. Affronts have not been accumulated upon them, till it was evident they did not know how, or did not wish to avenge them. Govern- meMs ought never to declare war, but with a just cause but they ought always to be prepared to carry it on.~ The government of the United States, since its institu- lion, has scarcely evinced any thing else bitt proofs of weakness ; and, in future, greater vigour cannot be ex- pected from it, as long as it is conducted by lawyers, a species of men the least proper to govern others, because they have nearly all a false judgment and dull character; and because, with their confined ideas and mean passions, they think they can govern empires, in the same manner, as they would govern a club. Nevertheless, it must be confessed in praise of this government, that it presents a species of phenomenon in the political world ; and that, like the hand of Providence, ~st governs without being felt, and almost without being perceived ; for to know that it exists, it is necessary to * The Americans had not yet declared war a_ainst England in 181O~ and they hesitated a long time beibre they did it. tT.it.I StWea TI seek it in the bo~om of the wood; and, ilk, pertain birM of passage, it disappears in the fine season. This government, which, in Europe, has the reputation of being the most liberal in the world, is, in reality, me more so, than the British.governuint; and in the Thilted States, there is not more real liberty than in England, not withstanding there is more apparent freedom. Comes quently, it is this appearance of liberty which moat flat. ten the pride of man, as well his taste for indepene deuce; and if the great art of governing a people is te hide the chains which they every where drag after them, it must be acknowledged that the American government is the most clever of all others. But, is it not rather to be presumed, that what has been attributed to the cleverness of this government, is no other than the work of its own weakness? The American people have hitiporto regarded this weak~ ness of their government as the surest guarantee of their liberty; but there is still a much more real one in the right of petition, the only resource of the operessed man; in the liberty of the press, the greatest possible check to the powerful ;f in the small number of regulars compared to the great number of militia; and particularly in the constitutional law, which does not permit the army or any portion of it to act in the interior, without the interven Lion of the magistracy. This indeed, constitutes the real The president and ministers generally go to their estates during the harvest, often several hundred leagues from Washington, and do not return tllltheendofJaluaary. ~ Without the liberty of the press. the public authority earn neithet be enlightened or responsible; and If this liberty has, like alt human things. lncunveuieiices, It may be said that, like the lance of Achilles, & .it heals all tho wounds it has cased. This liberty Is even more no- cessary in monarchies than In republics, because there Is Sways found round every throne, even these on which the best Kings are seatod. a cloud of courtiers which prevents the vole of the uprigit from penetrating to the Monarch. it is Indeed the only channel I~ which the latter can be Informed of the public opinion, which uoornr or later causes a terr!blO explosion, whonever, Instead of manifesting B itself by a noble and frank opposition, It ferments In silent dntkness In some countries, attempts have been made to regulate the press, but it was foond lmposwlble to regulate. without destroying It; hr It is not more possible to punish thoughts before they are produced, ac: ions before they are committed. The operation of the tri- lmunals alone, can repress the anus. of bothee sad the othen 1813.] of North-America. 13 safeguard of political libert .* Thearmy is established to defend the country, with the aid of the militia, against an external enemy; but it is the magistracy alone, sup- ported by the militia, who ought to defend it within, and maintain interiour tranquillity. An essential defect in the American government is, that in itself, it has no sufficient guarantee against the people. If an attempt was made to perfect this government, it would be necessary to strengthen it, and balance its pow- era in a better manner, in order to maintain them in a more perfect equilibrium.j An exec6tive power with snore force; a senate composed of permanent members4 to protect the people against the executive power, and the executive power against the people; a representative body, corn- posed of great (reeholders ;ll of great freeholders for judges Ihavenot thought It necessary In this place to speak of the H. bees Corpus, without which there can be nocivllliberty; because this law does not guarantee individual liberty; and because Itis common to both Americans and English, well to other free nations. powers of the United States well separated, but badly consequenti, It is In the separation and equilibrium of powers, that the art of constituting a state principally consists. The senate ought not to be composed of hercdltary members, but where the chief vemmeut is himself hereditary; otherwise, the equilibrium would be broken, and the senate would degrade or overturn the throne, as has already happened in Poland. The American Legislative Body not being composed of large free- holders, ithas been necessary to grant to the members ofOongress, an Indemnity for the time of the session. It Is, however, well known, that It is not advisable, in any country, to pay the representatives of the nation, because every man who receives a miary from the execu- tive pewer, becomes its valet and never its overseer; since such a man would never like to displease the executive pewer, for fear of lea- ing his salary by the dissolution of the representative body. Besides, the representatives of the nation beIn essentially destined to vote Umposts, and to wateh over their expenditure, they cannot give to the executive power, and at the same time receive from It; for with what (ace could they dare reiluse tributes which they themselves are to share? Add to this, that by not paying the representative body, the election intrigues of the candidates are prevented, who generally seek to guide the affairs of the nation for theirown advantage; thus also is Individual ambition discoucerted, and by plying the great Influence te property, the emulation of all is excited. because all, even the peorest, can attain property by means of labor. Moreover, It ought tobe the object of every government tosneourage labor, which is the source of national riches and of pablo happisass. Vol.11. No.4. 10 14 United Slate (Nov. and magistrates; and, finally, a legislative code, clear and precise, in order to get rid of the verman of lawyers ; such are the improvements which the Americana ought to introduce into their government and administration. They ought never to forget, that governments have been enseat- tially established to protect property, and that the best of all is that which protects it wost. The first remark on reading this extract, will be made by every one, that the reflections are intended, as well 55 some others in the work, to bear as much upon JRa ench, wis on American politicks. What a hint is given in the sega4em~, where he observes, that affronts wete not accumulated ta our government, till it was found, that they either did not know how, or did not wish to avenge them I How power- fully and how painfully does such a remark, coining from a Finch diplomatist, employed in our country, recall the pasilanimous councils, the impolitick forbearance, that sub- initted for so long a time, a continued series of hnperiat in- solence and injustice. N. de Beaujour is a great euens.j of lawyers, and reasons from an idea formed of them in Eu- rope. It has there been often remarked, that lawyeas are bad legislators; that their views are narrow, and their judgment on great state measures often erroneous; but, in Europe, the law is a profession, which requixea long, intense and confined study; to attain eminence in that profepsion is generally by the sacrifice of literature and science, and a constant necessity of avoiding all excursive meditations out / the subjects of history and general politicks, which should be the favourite pursuits of a statesman. Their tenures are so complicated, their precedents so numerous, their cases so intricate, and their forms so multiplied and tedious, that the labour of half a life is decessary to become a pro- ficient. This state of things is felt and regretted bylaw- yers there; and hence it is, that in both France and Eng- land, they are little considered as statesmen; in the former country many of the faults of the revolutionary legislatures were attributed to them, and in the latter it is extremely is short, the first prime!pie ofail who econepy Is. not to pay for what earn be had grazsltnusly. Can It tiwuhe (eared, that emrnongat the iarge tIeebolders of a adorn. there would not he found a sufficient aumber of disinterested eltisens, desirous of represenhing It In the IegislaVve hedy. at the e tIme, that they will he remunerated by pabli. esaslderatlom P 1*15.1 f North-Araeriw. ft wacoanmon for a lawyer to distinguish himself, or indeed te I;. erfere in parliamentary debate except on mere questions o eaw. Bat, in Ibis country, the situation is in some dee g :ts diderent, enany men in pubhck life are called lawyers, :~ asve don. little more thaw read the elementary books of Es: science, and practised jaM enough to acquire the habits CL business; perniaps there cannot be a better foundation for pozatical fife. But, we believe, with very few exceptions, tWa among the legal characters who have in this country en& .ksud in political life, though they may have been able kivoca;en, hey have not seen very learned in the law ; and that our p. ofosnd lawyers have either never meddled with pA?ical employments, or at least have early abandoned Uina. The remark on the adroitness of our government in con.- ces~:ng its power, or rather attributing it to its weaness, is a ery natural one to be made by a foreigner. It is one of the first things that strikes, and indeed almost confounds an intelligent European on coming to the United States, that he no where sees the government, and the appearances are so difflirent from what he has habitually witnessed, that he is apt to distrust the security of that organixation, of which, he .no where beholds the trappings or the ensigns. In monarchical countries, it is p art of the scheme of that form of government to discover their power, and make it as ha- posing as possible..every branch of military and civil em- ploy has its Lvery, and it becomes the policy of the sove- reign, that it should be always worn, to impress both his own subjects and Atrangers with the idea of his power. Eng- land in some points ofibra an exception to this rule, which i owing partly to the more independent habits of tze peo- ple, and partly to the fear of the government at excitig popular jealousy by too glaring a display of its dependents. Thus a Peer in Eagland adopts no particular costume, and seldom wears his star, except when in full dress. Ane dis- tinctive mark in the costume of the clergy out of the pulpit consists only in a very trifling modification of the hat. No military or naval officer, in London, is suffered to appear in his uniform, except those belonging to the small detachment of the guards on duty, who perhaps do not exceed ten or fifteen, and these do not go from their stations. Har ly a vestige of an army is to be seen; and yet, if those who walk the streets, at the west end of the town, appeared in their 76 tTsiluI Stat. nov. professional dress, almost half the population would be seen in a military or naval costume. In this country it has been owing more to accidental habit, the design, that there are no distinctions of dress in our streetsb A military or na- val button are now occasionally seen; but a few years since, there was not even a cockade displayed, to indicate that the people had either government or police. The authors remarks on the pay of representatives may be easily answered, and perhaps all of them refuted. The question has been much debated, and we are not singular in allowing to our representatives a salary for their services; r long as this ay is not extravagant, it perhaps jakes in reality the ground. It would indeed be excessively noxious, if it were as M. de Beaujour seems to suppose, ac- corded by the executive, but it is well known tote a pro- vision of the constitution, and a question over which the executive department has no direct control. The objec- tions to our government have been often made, but we are disposed to be rather incredulous on the score of theoretick improvements. Experience has shewn, that some of the most monstrous systems of government have endured for ages, while others of great apparent perfection, have ished in premature decrepitude. Our national existcnce us so recent, it forms such a very minute portion of that career of osistence, which we trust it is destined to pursue, that We Can- not speak with great confidence of the future, from the brief experience of the past: yet, so hr as we can form an opin- ion from what has been, we are encouraged to smile at sinister predictions. It has received some sli3ht alterations, crhns not :41 of them advantageous; but on the whole it as nearly survived the generation that made it, and in its progress has hitherto required no more adjustment or fitting, than what the best built ship, or carriage, will demand, on a first voyage, or journey. Whatever may have been the errours of administration, there is a saving virtue in the constitution itself, that has hitherto preserved it from essen- tial deterioration. The difficulty of effecting any chtnge, is a striking proof of its strength. There is hardly a state in the Union, which has not pm~ed amendments; some of these seemed plausible and salutary, many of them werr warmly urged and ably supported, and yet how few have been adopted? In short, there may be better forms, there are certainly worse; we belong to that party who are at- 1815.j of North-America. tached to this, and our feeling towards it, may be very con~ cisely expressed, esto perpetua. The description of our towns seems impartial, and cer- tainly is not flattering ; a traveller disposed to praise might have said more in their favour. Though it may ruffle the vanity of some of our (:oci~neys, we shall extract his remarks upon them ; the Philadelphians ivill be shocked at his description, the cits of New York will resent his sneer at Dutch architecture, and the Bostonians will regret that he should have said nothing of their beautiful environs. We may, however, attach more value to what he has com- mended, since he is so parsimonious of praise. The towns of the United States are not so handsome or splendid as those of Europe, but they are more airy and spacious, and almost all decorated with trees and gardens, which gives them the aspect and agreeableness of the country. Even in some of them, the houses are not con- tiguous, which makes them resemble some of our hamlets. Philadelphia is not, as it has been called, the most beau- tiful city of the world, but it is the most remarkable for the regularity- of its streets, and the cleanliness of its houses. It is situated between the Delaware and the Schuylkill, six miles above their confluence, and 120 miles from the ocean. It forms a great parallelogram, extending from one river to the other, and is cut, like a chess-board, at right angles. All the s1i~ets and houses resemble each other ; and nothing is so gloomy as this uniformity, unless ~it is the sadness of the inhabitants, the greatest part of whom are of the quaker or Puritan sect. New York has a more smiling aspect, and appears more like an European town. It is built at the entrance of the Hudson, on a strip of land extending between the river and the sound of Long-Island, and ~vhich has been sepa~ rated by a cut from the main land. The esplanade called the Battery, standing on the salient angle formed by the Hudson and the sea in their junction, presents one of the most beautiful points of view that can be imagined. Baltimore and Boston have all the appearance of Eng- lish towns. The first, which has been built on a sudden, and, as it were, by enchantment, is situated on the Chesa- peake, near the embouchure of the Petapsco; and the other at the entrance of Charles River, on the small pe Ta U~it.d Stats. [No,. ninsula of Massachusetts, connected by narrow strip with the main land. Charleston, New Orleans and Norfolk, bear mother aspect, and resemble more the towns of the Wet Indies. Charleston is built on the confluence of the Cooper asad Ashley rivers, which, six miles below, AWl into the sea, and form by their junction, a large canal, or long anchor. lug ground, at the entrance of which is Sullivans Island and Fort. New Orleans and Norfolk are situated, the first on the left bauk of the Mississippi, 120 miles from its entrance frito the Mexican 0 oW; and the othtr, on ihe right bank of the Elizabeth River, five miles above its embouchure into the Chesapeake Bay. Boston, New York and Baltimore, which appear to ce out of the bosom of the waters, and gradually.rise 03 sit unequal surface, at a distance present an agreeable prospect; but nothing can be more hideous than the out. aide and approaches of Philadelphia, Norfolk, Charleston wind New Oueans, built on low and level land, in the midst of water and mire. All these towns are built of brick and painted planks, and, with the exception of a few edifices destined or the use of public banks, nothing is meaner than their architec- tate ; it is the Dutch orter coupled with the Chinese style, if we may be allowed to give that denomination to so grow tesque a fashion. Some observations are made on our military system. which has undergone various modifications since the work was composed. He thinks we cannot be safe on a defen. sire system, with a navy of less than ten sail of the line, and art army of 23,000 men. That volunteers and gun boats, hare all the inconveniences of a fle~t and army, without any of the advantages attending them. That our system of fortification is bad, that most of the forts are placed with. out judgment, and are too small and imperfect, and that these is not in the whole country a strong fortress or depot capable of arresting an army. He says, that the United States are vulnerable on a great number of points, and more tally so on three; Rhode Island, New York an d the Ches- apeake; that since the acquisition of Louisiana, the south.. em states are secure against invasion. That it is in the power of the English to invade us with a large army from 1615.3 .7 Noflh.Americs; ro Canad, passing through take Ohm p lain to the Itndaou, whije another army landing at New rork, would untie with it and cut of the whole country east of the Hudson. This Litter plan has been attempted in two different wars, and without success, and we suspect will never be tried again. No nation will go to war with us, who is not our superiour at sea, and it is not probable that any scheme of conquest will ever be undertaken. We shall be harassed with petty expeditions and invasions, and our surest defence against these is a reseectable maritime force, of all others the most useful to us without, and the least dangerous within. As all parties a p pear now to be convinced of this truth, we shieD not dwell on the abortive projects, and the costly experi. ence, nor on the gallant actions which have produced tie con- viction. After his observations on our military system, he proceeds to remarks on our Police, mRnners, religion, and aspect of the country, under moral and political relations, a part of which we shall extract. But if the Americans have a bad system of external de- fence, their internal system of police is not better. Thefr legislation is an uncouth mixture of English laws and par. ticular customs, which each one can interpret in his own way; and which in reality, is only adapted to support an in~nite number of litigating lawyers, at the expense of the people. One would imagine, on beholding the obscurity and forms of this legislation, that it had only been created for bankrupts and lawyers, two classes of men to whom all others in the United Slates seem to have been sacrificed. There the merchant, who usually puts the whole of his property into trade, and who, in order to increase his profits, also frequently includes that of others, by regnic c- mg his expenses according to his presumed profits, in- stead of his real income, frequently failt, and is consider- ed liberated with regard to his creditors, as soon as he has sworn before the law, that he has not a shilling to pay them. There the same law that punishes forgery, ab- solves the man who signs an obligation he can never fulfil; but even supposing that a bankrupt is not to be blamed for not paying his debts, he is at least i0 the wrong for contracted them, when he knew he might incur the responsibility of paying them. The bankrupt law in that count~v~ems framed to enrich the bankrupts, whilst the other laN~ appear enacted for th. exclusive advantage of tilt. lawyers~ 80 U.it.d 91.6w (Nor. Hence we may judge of the police of a people, who in. ceasantly fear becoming a prey to bankrupts, and who are continually tormented by the chicaneries of lawyers, as one would be by the p ricks of a pin. This people will never enjoy all the advantages of their political instito- tions, till they have simplified and perfected their jurispra- deuce. The Americans are so new a mixture of such a number of nations, that hitherto they have acquired no public spirit or national character.Their political opinions savour of those common to all the people from whom they are derived; and as the greatest part of them are of Lug- lish origin, they have brought over with them to America all the elements of discord which agitate their parent coun- try. In each state, they are divided into two grand par- similar to those of the Whigs and Tories; and what is most to be regretted is, that neither of these parties knows precisely what it wants, or at lent does not adopt the means to obtain it. The democratic or republican party, composed of the most numerous class of the people, ought to seek the (me- quency of elections, the rotation of the offices, and respon- sibility of those employed; but the leaders of this party seek only to maintain power in the hands of the multitude, in order to secure it for themselves. The aristocratiril party, or, as it is there called, the federal party, composed of the richest classes of the in- habitants, seeks to concentrate power, and to take it out of the hands of the multitude, iii order to render it less dependent, and to give greater strength to those there- with invested; but, in order to concentrate power, it would be first necessary to obtain it, and this party dis- dams its possession. The democrats unceasingly cry out against distinctions, at the same time that they are seeking after them; and in that country, as well as every where else, they are hy- pocrites, who agitate and caress the multitude, for the purpose of living at its expence. The federalists seek distinctions in riches; and as they cannot find them in any thing that is continually changing handi, they would prefer institutions which would class each rank, and render power unchangeable. 1815.] of North-America. 81 The Democrahick party wishes no taxation on lands, because, by fixed and secure imposts, its abettors apprehend giving too much consistency to goveinment. They only seek the variable impost of customs, and care not whether it diminishes or even fails as long as a foreign war is likGly to take place. The Federal party feels the necessity of territorial taxes, in order to render the government independent et extea~aI events; and would be pleased with an imposing army and navy. It would also wish that the people, tranquil within, should carry their inquietude without, and it unceasingly presents to them, as a prey, sometimes Canada, and then Mexico. The Democrats appear most attached to France, and the Federalists to England ; but the truth is, they u& ther love one or the other, and are entirely absolved in them- selves and their party. The errour o~ the Federalists is, in appea;ing attached to a foreign government, which front being composed of elements of discord, can only pe~petu- ate them in theirs. The Democrats only appear fond of France, because the Federalists display attachment to England. It would be difficult to predict which of the two parties will gain the ascendancy, because the physical strength resides in one, and all the influence of moral causes in the other. The mass of the people is Republican; but in the aristocratical party, are all the laige freeholders, rich capitalists, merchants, and especially those who trade with British capitals, the persons interested in the banks and public funds, in short all the timid men who prefer the calm of social life to the storms of liberty. Ii is besides under the banners of this party, if ever the gov- eminent acquires a greater degree of strength, that all the public agents will range themselves, as well as those who aspire to the same rank; and to these will be added the members of the judiciary body, who seek to judge the people without being subject to its judgment, and ako all the conductors of the finance, who seek to squeeze the multitude, without bein~ exposed to its fury.This party has one advantage, it has a determined object; this is, to impose on the Americans s~metliiug substantial, in like manner that is has alre~ dy imposed on them the forms of the British Constitution; and it struggles to alienate theta Vol. II. No. 4. ii ~United States [Nov~ from France, in order to leave them a prey to the entire influence of England. Those who are of this part:~, ~ cessantly rail at their government, iheir insiitutionm~ even their habits, and conceive there is nothing excellent Vt in Europe, and with them the whole of Europe is corn- prised in the little corner of England. The other party only sustains itself by its mass, and is guided only by its instinct. These two parties are always at variance, and they will quarrel on, till one has crushed the other, or given a master to both. rj7he Americans of all parties by their moderation, ought to tii~e to guard against so fatal an exent, and enjoy as lee as they can, that degree of liberty which is corn- p PiNe with their institutions ; but, they can never ane evalelv enjoy this de~ree of freedom, till they agi~c he o~ erned by wise and enli~hened men ; for real ~1emty cn only exist in those places wheie wise and enlit~htend men ove;n the people, and where the peo1le haxe seth- ce~n cood sense to suffer themselves to be governed by them. At present, the parties in their opinions only agree n one point, which is in the elevated idea they have of tbew- selves and of theii~ nation; for the Americans have hardly less national vanity than the oldest people of Europe. Unable, like the latter, to boast of what they have been, since they have themselves just made their appearance on the scene of the world, they boast of what they are one day destined to become. In their existence they neither consider the past or the present; and, rending with a bold hand the veil which covers futurity from human eye, they contemplate afar off the brilliant (lest ines wh li await them; they fear not the vicissitudes of fortune, arid, before-hand, point out the period when they are to become the first nation of the world. The best informed among them, as well as all the rest, already flatter themselves with these illusions; and with the compass in the hand, they measure their fvture grandeur by the extent of their vast territory; and seem to be ignorant, that the larrest empires of Asia are now scarcely known, whilst the names of Sparta and Athens, which only occupied a small coiner of Greece, are sti!l associated with every idea that we have of grandeur and glory. 1315.3 of North-Arnerieg. In fact, the several states cannot have the same political - opinions, because their interests are opposed. The states bordering on the Atlantic, seek to sacrifice every thing to commerce and navigation, without which they would not he able to subsist; and those of the interior wish that to . re, the princi- every thing should be sacrificed a~ricu1tu pal cherisher of nations. The northern states would wil- lingly establish liberty on every side, while those of the south seek to maintain slavery among themselves. With such opposite pretensions, the several states can never possess the same public spirit. The Americans have no more stability in their character than in theii~ opinions. Each state, I~ay almost each dis- trict, has different mann~rs; and in these there are none of those general and striking rese niblances, which give to a whole peo~)le a p ~rticular colour and a distinct physiog- nomy. The people of the United States possess the habits of every other people ; but they have hitherto none of their own. The climate alone has modified these habits; but their institutions have not yet blended them. In the northern states the inhabitants are bold and enter- prizinc~, inconstant and light in the middle states, and heed- less and lazy in those of the south. A Bostonian would ~o in search of his fortune to the bottom of Hell; a Vir- ginian would not go across the road to seek it. An inha- ~iitant of New-York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore can never ie content, if during his life time, lie has not changed his proi~ss~on th ee or four times. In tre~Tersin~ the Jnited States from north to south, as (Ar as the li-Iudson, we find English mann ~rs, and fre - jtie:i~iy with th~ same Jiffuess that distinguishes them in Kr no~th of Scotland; but this stiffness disappears be- tween the Hudson and the Potomac, and particularly in Pennsylvania and Maryland, where the Germans, Irish, even the French, have introduced into Eaghish manners a thousand different shades. It is not till we reach the & her side of the Potomac, that these manners, strongly tinctured with those of the West Indies, appear entirely chan.~ed ; and whether it is t$iat this change is derived from the influence of the climate or negro slaverx-, it is not the less sensible in every usage of life~ There trade is entirely given np to foreigners, and agri- cuiture abandoned to slaves, whilst the proprietor, under 84 United States [Nov~ the stately name of planter, attends to nothing but hi~ pleasures. The life of this proud being is a continued scene of inoolence and disipa~ion. Hoise races and cock fights aie his favorite diversions, and all the time he does not employ in these noisy amii~ements, he passes round a table either gaming or di inking. He thinks le i~ under no obligation to work, because his slaxes work for him. But in the interior of the country, and on the other side of the Alleghany, men are to be met with more labo- rious and of more simple manners ; and notwithstanding this simplicity has been changed in some districts, by the perpetual mixtures of new settlers with the 01(1 ones, man- ners are there _enerally more pure than in the other parts of the United States. The trans Ia ion is in some places careless, as for example in the pages just quoted, there is mention of nations having a particular colour, this is a French expression, it is not En~tish the equivalent of the Fiench phrase, may be ren(lered a marked, or peculiar character. iVI. de Beau- JOur is a p ~ssionate enemy of lawy ers, there is even a degree of personal asperity on the suhj~ct that resembles revenge for some previous injury. His account of the state of bankruptcy in the United States is a monstrous exaggera- lion; he says in another place, that bankruptcy in the commercial towns, is the shortest and surest road to fortune. The system of bankrupt laws is one of the most delicate and diflicult in the whole field of legislation ; to maintain the medium which avoids cruelty to honest misfor- tune, or potection to fradulent avarice, requires the greatest skill ~ the lawgiver, arid after all can never be attained so completely, as to prevent frequent instances of both. It is to be regretted, that we have no common system in the United States, but we doubt if complaints on this subject are more frequent here than in Europe, at least it is true that they are very common both in France and England, and their laws on the subject are exposed to constant revi- sion. In the mean time it is downright rant and absurdity, to consider bankruptcy the avenue to fortune in any Count rv. In the authors remarks on our political state there is a mixture of fact and errour, of shallowness and sagacity A single moments reflection would have suppres~ed the 1815.] of North-America. obse~ vation, that we owe our parties to importation, and that we ,ve uiv~oe~, because the country fiom whence we came is Lileri whh paoies. XV hen we planted the tree of liberty here, no naturalist would attribute its Iea~es to ifs e~ng inipo~tei ; but at the time of the operation he would have p:edicted, that it must either peish like those in France, 0 dourish acco; ding to its situation and culture. lie con- tradicts himself in saying, first, that the two ~rtLs neither of them know what they want, and afteruards that the Fede- ralists have a great advantage in having a positive olz~ect in view. This latter idea is perhaps as great a mistake, ~s the assertion, that the Federal party are consta. tly insti- gating the nation to the attack of Canada and Mexico. In describing the political principles and conduct of pai ties in fxee countries, two monosyllables should always he added, in and out. It would be an interesting investiga- finn to consider the resemblance, between parties in this country and those of England. The Federalists originally ha~ some things in common with the party now in power in England. This party, who during the long reign of the pi.~en1 King have been out of place but two or three times, and then for very short periods only, when out, never op- pose(l the government, but in a very partial debree; they always maintained a conduct but ill suited to keep alive an opposition, as their vote was still given to most of the meas;ires of the government. The Federalists, when they first went out of place, pursued nearly the same course; they were long engaged in a contest for upholding establish- ments, which gave strength to the nation. Thot~ they had lost the administration, they seemed still the pations and protectors of the government. Their rivals, in seeking popularity, began a series of innovating, destructive n~ea- sures, abortive experiments, and puelile systems, that placed the Federalists in the situation of people, who, turned out of a palace, were doing their utmost to prevent those who had taken their place, from defacing its ornaments and weakening its wails. When the progress of a very few years produced all the consequences that had been pre~ dicted from these ruinous innovations, and imbecile schemes; and forced the administratioi to endeavour, under disad~ vantages which their o n vicious course of policy had en- gendered, to re-establish wh~.t they had pulled (lown, army, navy and revenue ; t~e Federal party stood on different ~3t~ I~Nov~ tnzit~j States g~onnd. They tound the nation plunged unprovided info a war, which they deprecated, wage(l with councils they distrusted, and inismanagernen t they deplored. They had besides suffered under such general proscription and unre- lenting persecution, that they had been driven in the nation- al legislation, into becornin~ a regular opposition, and per- hips this was the inevitable tendency of circumstances. How far this state of things, which has produced a conside- rable chan~e in the position occupied by the two parties, will beco~ue permanent, must mainly depend on the system pusned by the administration. NI. de Beau jour re peat s a remark, which has been made by most travellers in our country; that we have no national character, nothing peculiar, a mere undigested mass of farm- ous foreign mateAals; this assertion we believe to be owing to their ignorance and want of dL ~iimination. Let us (livell on this point a moment. Superficial travellers, and, with very few exceptions, those who have written on tht~ United Siates, have been of this class, may in a hasty journey throuah the country, and a limited residence in some of our cities, particularly if those cities are New-York, Philadel- phia aud Baltimore, seeing so many Irishmen, Englishmen, Frenchmen and Germans, ma~ suppose that we have no peculiar national cha acter, p~rtcnlarly, as they are most apt associate with only their o to wn countrymen ; but what foundation is this for judging of the people of the United S:ates ? NI. de Beaujoir, and all others but the professed li,el~ers, describe us as vain, brave, enterprising, and pas- sionately fond of liberty ; that we are coarse, rude, an(i in- quisitive from our habits of equality, and re0ardless of all distinctions but wealth. here are a mixture of good and bad qualities, which we shall neither claim nor deny, k~t which in themselves are sufficient to cause peculiarity. The truth is, that with the e~ceptien of land image, which is almost the same throu~hout the United Sta:es, the inhabitants are distinguished from each other, thou ~h not so strongly, as a P ovencal, a Gascon or a Norman, an inhabitant of Devon- shire, Yorkshire or Kent, and over all is thrown a veil of national texture, as there is in France and England. rrhe extensive intercourse between nations in our times, the unm~ versality of fashions, and the similar subjects for thinking and conversation which have been afforded by the events of the I :t twenty years, have approximated the habits, and l~15.j of North-America. very considerably blended the manners of people of the higher classes in all countries; this has destroyed many picturespie effects, and diminished the resources of the novel writer, painter and dramatist. Prominent and ~tri- king peculiarities cannot be overlooked ; a Friesiand pea- sant, or a Spanish muleteer, would be noticed by the dullest eye and ear; and perhaps an English farmer, thriving under the efft~cts of malt and heef, could not avoid detection. But, these are gross and palpable distinctions. Yet peculiar character may exist without these strong exteriour signs. We have no peculiarities of dress from that of most modern nations of Europe, and we are confounded in language with one of the most important. Still to those who are conver- sant with our character, and that of other nations, its par- ticular traits are easily discerned; and they are as indelible as those of any other nation. We have seen Americans w~o had left their country young, and had been absent thir- ty years, and found no difficulty in instantly pronouncing upon them; we believe any intelligent American would seldom fail in a guess at a countryman, in any part of the world, a Connecticut man or a Virginian could never escape him. When the author says a Bostonian would go to hell in pursuit of a fortune, and a Virginian would not cross the road, we are willing to consider it to be only a different mode of saying, that the former is intrepid and eager in en- terprise, and the latter, from his climate and situation, is less active and arlventurous. That the inhabitants of the middle States are so peculiarly capricious and variable, is only thrown in to complete the picture. Perhaps we should here remark, that we have not selected those passages, where we are spoken of most favourably-, because we are not particii- larly anxious to repeat our own praises, but those who seek for them will find them in the work. The following are the conclusion of his remarks on our literary character. It may consequently be expected2 that the Americans will make great progress in science and the mechanical arts, but the same success cannot be predicted for theta in polite literature or the fine arts. Nay, it may even be pre- sumed, that they will never possess, or at least till a very remore peWori, a particular species of literature, ~eaus: they have no national language. and because EuLli:h lit United states [Nov. rature, so rich in every branch, will long be able to sup~ ply the deficiency of theirs. A nation besiues, hoi~ever enlightened it may be, can hardly fiattei itself with being possessed of a literature of its OWl], till it has obtained a distinctive character, of which that literature becomes the faithful expression ; and it is well known, that the Americans are not hitherto possessed ol this character, since instead of forming a nation of them- selves, they constitute an amalgamation of several. There are three ~r four pages on the subject of religion in the United States, and his remarks on the effects of un- limited toleration on our habits, are nearly the same with those ma(le by Tal leyrand in his Memoir, and such as would naturally result from a Catholick education. He dwells particularly on the quakers and Unitarians, and, in the fashion of the day, mistaiies or misrepresents the tenets of the latter; yet there are one or two observations, that without being new, merit their attention. This subject is followed by the following remarks on our manners. Some writers, and particularly French, have boasted of American manners; others, especially English, have ctied them down. Both have exceeded the due measure. There is in that country as well as in every other, a mix- ture of vice and of virtue ; but the latter appears less attrac- tive than elsewhere, because it is seldom accompanied with those graces which cause it to be beloved, and the vices are more hideous, because the art of disguising them with a deceptive exterior is there unknown. The American has a crudity in his manners, which makes him appear to great disadvantage in the eyes of foreigners. Hence does it happen, that among the foreigners who have been accustomed to the good society of Europe, some consider him coarse and unpolished, because he is devoid of softness in his manners, and delicacy in his sen- tinitents; whilst others describe him as haughty and vain, because he esteems nothing but r ches and ostentation. In general he pays little regard to merit when surrounded by iiidi~ence; and the first question that issues from his a stranger is presented to him, is to ask, what give to reception proportioned ~o his riches. Names and rank are no illrtsion to him, an(l he classes every nan without distinction by the same scale, viz. hr that of fortune. 1816.] f North-America. 89 Thus a residence in the United States can never be pleasing to rich men bred up in good society, nor to men of science deprived of the gifts of fortune; which uniform- ly gives to foreigners so many prejudices spinal the coon- fry. But, even for those who arrive in the United States with the most simple habits and taste, society has there none of those pleasures it every where else possesses; and the European who is condemned to live there, ought to seek in his duties, or in the bosom of his family, the whole of his pleasures. A person lives there in almost as isola- ted a manner as in Turkey; as if these two countries, which differ from each other in so many points, should be destined to be alike in this particular one. Not that among the rich class of people there are no assemblies; yet these have only for object, smong th. WOifiCli to drink tea, and among the men, to drink wins and other liquors. The conversation of the latter gene. rally hinges on politicks, or purchases which some propose and others accept; for the American never loses an oppor- tunity of enriching himself. Gain is the subject of all his discourse, and the lever of all his actions; so that them is scarcely a civilized country in the world, in which there is less generosity of sentiment, less elevation of soul, and ~ of those soft and brilliant illusions which constitute the charm or the consolation of life. There a man weighs every thing, alculates all, and sacrifices all to his own in- terest. lie lives only inc himself and for himself, and re- gards all disinterested actCas so many follies, contemna all talents that are purely agreeable, appears estranged t. every idea of heroism and of glory, and in history beholds nothing but the romance of nations. Virtue has always been considered as the principle or the chief spring of all republics; but that of the Ameri~ can republic seems to be an unbounded love of money. This is the effect of the political equality that reigns there, and which leaves to the citizens no other distinction than that of riches, and invites them to fill their coffers by every means in their power. Every thing among them favours this vile cupidity; their disdain for the agreeable arts, their taste for the comforts of lire, their coarse intempe rance, which deprive them of all love and activity for every thing that is not personal; and in short, even their laws, which by their ambiguity seem to be the secret Vol. IJ. No. 4. 12 Do United St~U.. (Not. accomplices of fraud and bad faith. With them justice is the result of calculation, but never of sentiment. She is deaf to the cries of the wretched, and particularly of the foreigner; and in the greatest part o heir commercial towns, bankruptcy, who would believe it? is the shortest as well as the surest mad to arrive at fortune. But, although honesty is not the favourite virtue of the American merchants, it is not, as is usually believed in Europe, entirely banished from among them; and we still find, even amidst the corruption of their maritime cities, some persons of great uprightness and rigid probity. In the country, and among the villagers embosomed in the woods, considerable candour and good faith is to be met with, but in general, good and upright characters are there infinitely rarer than in other parts, and particularly titan in the south of Europe, where they shine amidst th& univerwal depravity that surrounds them, like stars ii# theobscurityo night If, however, the Americans have none or few of those eminent qualities which ennoble human nature and cause it to be admired, they have others, which, although more modest, are not less estimable, and which still contribute more to the happiness of life; such as the love of free. dom, of industry, of order, and of cleanliness. The author then goes on with some mention of our good qualities, where we shall not follow him. The translator has inserted in this place a note to introduce Talleyrands descriptions of the American wood-cutter and fisherman, which are familiar to our readers. These two portraits are in the most finished style of that celebrated wit and states- man, they are in the language of amateurs, rich and spark. ling, pure, brilliant, exquisite cabinet gemsbut then they are wholly works of fancy, entirely due to the author 5 brilliant imagination, and magick colouring. The descrip. tion of the wood-cutter will more strictly apply to the Eu- ropean labourer than to the American, for here a man is commonly a wood-cutter only, preparatory to becoming a farmer, and the employment is rarely followed through life: in Europe, in the neighbourhood of some forests, it is a con- stant occupation- But, the portrait of the fisherman is the most extraordinary, and should serve as a warning to travel- writers, when so sagacious an observer as the French Prince should hare been so entirely deceived. lie says 1815j of North-A mark.. I with us, that excepting the whalers, fishing is an idle em- ploYment, requiring neither courage nor skill, that the fish- ermen do not ventrn morn the two leagues from the coiist, that the fisheries do not furnish a nursery for seamen, that our fishermen have no attachment to their homes, that they are cosmopolites, and a few cod-fish more or less determine their country. If an inhabitant of either of the Capes of Massachusetts, were to answer the French Minister, and be permitted a little warmth in repelling his account of them, might they not boast of their attachment to their homes, where generation after generation had clung to a barren soil and liberty; and where a life of haidship and enterprise had procured them support and competence, from the stormy regions of Newfoundland? Might they not tell him to inquire of the merchant vessels in the Pacifick and the Mediterranean, the Baltick and the Bay of Biscay, or to walk the decks of the Constitution, and ask whether they furnished a nursery for seamen? Might they not, in denying that they were cosmopolites, say to him, that dur- ing the period in which he had been transmuted from a Catholick Bishop into a plain republican, from that to an Imperial Prince with an Italian principality, and then sub- sided into a French Prince under a royal dynasty; they had remained unchanged and unbroken, though they had been visited by war, and seen their prosperity withered year after year by a sickening, deleterious policy, that drove them from the ocean, but not to despair; and, after embargoes and war had passed over them like pesti- lence and a hurricane, they were ready on the return of newe and freedom to launch their barks on the sea, and, borne on its mountainous waves, to gather all the spoils of the deev~ and return with them to the dwellings of their fore- There are some keen and accurate remarks in this work blended with many that are jejune and puerile. If we hap. pen to take up the book, and open a passage where he is talking about the corruption of the cities, and the virtues of villagers embosomed in the woods, we think that we have by accident taken up the wrong volume, and turn to the title, to see if it be not a pastoral, instead of a political treatise. When he asks who would believe that bank- ruptcy would be the surest road to fortune? the quit unit, non ego, will he ready in every ones mouth. When he 93 u.it.a at.ta LAov. says, that riches are too much in the mouths of Americas, he is undoubtedly correct; ad when he observes, that conversation turns too much on politicks ad property, WO. stay answer, that it is the inevitable attendant of liberty and security; and surely is well worth the prevailing topicki among Frenchmen, to which they were restricted by the police for some years past; the merits of an actress or of a General. He has been incautiously led away by some injury received himseZ or by some of his countrymen, to brand all the merchants of the United States with dishonr esty. He would find some rash men retort the same re- Anions on his fellow subjects, and in both cases unreasoe ably. A foreigner is always under a disadvatage in every country, and very often blames others for his own mistakes. Frenchmen have been so harassed and unfortunate, for the last twenty years, that they may be eicused if they are sometimes unjust in their complaints. When he says, that we laugh at all acts of disinterested conduct towards ihe publick, how many instances to the contrary could we cite, in the small district around us! When he says, we are in- capable of generous and elevated emotions, what shall we say of the enthusiasm which some European events have caused in this country! What shall we say of those thrill- ing resistless impulses, that agitated the hearts ad flushed the cheek of the whole nation, at certaln events In the late war; till it seemed almost justly to be apprehended, that a people nurtured in the besom of peace, ad denounced as possessing no passion but the love of money, should, in their admiration and sympathy for the perils and achieve ments of their gallant countrymen, be lured from their peaceable and noble occupations, to waste their unequalled energy ad enterprise in pursuit of the false glory derivedL from war. M. de Beaujour observes, thait though we have assem- blies, yet that the principal occupation of them is, among the women to drink tea, ad among the men to drink wine,~ which shews that he was not thoroughly initiated in our society. Indeed, Frenchmen generally dialiking tea, and being unaccustomed to such ~tent wine as Madeirs, are prone to mistakes on these subjects. A corn,eraaziouse at a Des, a cercle at Paris, a route in London, or a tea party in America, are only different names for the same thing, modified by the habits of the ilitferent nati9ns. In Europe 18154 of North-America. 93 they are in full vigour at midnight, at which hour, in this country, their victims are generally in a state of ~oi ud re- pose. Except that in London, there is a more fatiguing crowd, and in the great capitals of ~urop , naturally more splendour in dress, and more a~gregation of rank, we pro- test most solemnly against their beinr more tedious in thu country than in others. Drinking tea seems to be consid- ered by the author the sole ohject, when it is only a trifiin~ inci(ient, in the ceremony. Even in those smaller parties. where women sip a cup of tea in unbroken platoons, this is not the only employment, as he seems to have imagined from inaccurate obserxalion ; they are often occupied at the same time in einbroidering muslin, and characters, and the spots they work on each, without apparent effort, are often admirable proofs of skill and f ncy. We shall extract his remark on the personal appearance of the t~o sexes, and, if we are not perfectly satisfied with his theory respecting our own, we shall excuse it, from gratitude for what he has said in favour of the other. And thus indeed have the Americans nearly all a high stature, a good shape, a stron~ and well proportioned frame, a fresh ~nd ruddy complexion ; but, in general they have little delicacy in their features, and little ex- pres~iou in their physiognomy. Though few ugly men are to be found among them, still fewer really hanusome ones are ~o be seei, I mean of that towering and manly beauty, sometimes remarked in the south of Europe, and which served as a model to the finest statues of the ancients. They are for the greatest part, of those tall forms, ruddy and soft, such as Tacitus describes the Germans, who frequently concealed nuder them, no other than an obtuse mind and soul (levoid of energy. It is perhaps to this vice in their physical constitution, more than to their geo- graphical position, that the eternal irresolution of their government is owing ; but it is to be presumed, that their temperament will improve with their climate, and that the Americans will some day or other acquire more vivacity of mind, and more vigour in their character. The women have more of that delicate beauty which belongs to their sex, and in general have finer features, and more expression in their physiognomy. Their stature is usually tall, and nearly all tre possessed of a light and airy shape ; the breast hiTh, a fine head, an(l their colour p 94 (Jailed 8Mm (Nov. of a dosing whiteness. Let us imagine under this bril~ liant form, the most modest demeanour, a chaste and vir- gmat air, accompanied by those simple and unaffected graces which flow frQm artless nature, and we may have an idea of their style of beauty; but this beauty passes and fades in a moment. At the age of twenty-five their form changes, and at thirty, the whole of their charms have disappeared. As long as they are unmarried they enjoy the greatest liberty, but as soon as they have enter- ed the conjugal stato they bury themselves in the bosom of their families, and appear no longer to live but for their husbands. if, however, they thus contribute less to the pleasures of society, they nevertheless increase those of wedlock, which makes the American wires both thrifty and faithful, divested of the vices of their husbands, and possessing all their virtues. With this species of existence, are the people of the United States destined to be more happy than those of Europe? This is not easy to decide, because this ques- lion, which is very simple under one head, becomes corn- plicated under an infinite number of others. In the first p lace, the Americans in domestic life, have more means of happiness; but in social life have less; and if they almost live without pain, they also nearly live without pleasure. They do not know the art of varying or multiplying their enjoyments, and the monotony of their existence resembles the silence of the tombs. in the extent of their territory they besides possess a greater facility of livelihood, and consequently Less inqui- etude with regard to their subsistence; in a word, if na- ture has been more bountiful to them in her gifts than to other nations, they also enjoy them for a shorter period; they grow and die quickly like their trees, and the land on which they dwell is not yet sufficiently dried, or, if I may be allowed the expression, is not yet sufficiently ripe to be inhabited. This idea of the land being too green and too wet to be inhabited, is the ground work of the, theory of de Pau. The remarks on our social and domestick happiness compar- ed with E:arope, are just; the same thought, however, was better expressed by the celebrated Abbe 0, in a singie sentence. In Europe, said he, there is pleasure without happiness.; in America there is happiness without plea- sure. 1815;] / Nonk-kurics. If The third chapter is occupled with the subject of the coaamercial relations of the United States; in which there is a great deal of false reasoning, and suggestions for forcing commerce between France and this country, which would I!Jevitably tend to diminish that which now exists. The opnions on this subject are well commented upon by the translator, and their errours refuted. Much is sald of the gtnerosity of the French, and the sordid cupidity of the English and Americans. In contrasting his own nation with the English, he says, The Englishman, eager and proud, trades with other nations for the sole purpose of obtaining their money by means of a commercial balance ; the Frenchman, the friend of glory and the arts, seeks to trade with them for the sole purpose of conveying to them the luxury and taste of his own nation.On which the translator very justly observes, If this be the only object or the manufactures and trade of France, she never can thereby become a powerful rival. We shall quote a short paragraph from this part of the chapter, which is con.picuouus for modesty, as for truth; he is speaking of the United States. They have, moreover, never received from the British any thing else but outrages, whilst on the p art of France, they have constantly received bene an even owe her the greatest of all, that of their independence, which they only conquered by her means, and which without her they cannot preserve. In describing our intercourse with England, he repeats the ideas of Talleyrand, without his eloquence, and con- cludes his reasoning with the following paragraph. In short, every thing tends to connect the Americans sand English together; the same laws, the same customs, and the seine manners. The Americans, like all other p lunged in a thick atmosphere, have little imagine- f ion, and they are rather guided by their habits, than by their ideas. To this may be attributed their inclination to the English, who hare the same habits as themselves. Hence arises their alienation from other nations possess- cr3 of different habits; as well as their indifference in their relations between man and man, and even between man and God. Hence also is derived thefr unconcern respect- in; religion, as well as their political egotism. The Am. ~ricans could never be roused out of this statq of apathy! N [Tidied States [Nov. unless it were by a perpetual contact with a lively and animated people, such as those of the south of Europe; and their contact is scarcely with any other than those of the north, who are nearly as cold as themselves. Against the first, tjner have a kind of natural antipathy, and they prefer the English nation to all others, even the most glorious, because she is the most opulent; thus resein- bling the school-boy, who, in the course of his reading, becomes enamoured of the Carthagenians and prefers them to the Romans. We regret this singular mistake about our atmosphere, which we hare before noticed. The author, by the fre- quent expression of his partiality for the south of Europe and the shores of the Mediterranean, may derive it from - his residence in Greece, or from being a native of Provence. Yet, if this be the case, we cannot allow even a Provencal to call our atmosphere come and thick. It is unfortu- nate, that this erroor should have taken such strong hold of his imagination, because it has contributed to lead him into one of more importance; that we are indifferent to the relations between man and man, and oven between man and God. The fifth chaeter treats of the political relations of the United States with the other nations of the world, and from this we shall make an extract to show the authors reason- ing respecting South America, a country which will con- centrate the attention of all the world, as soon as the com- motions in Europe have subsided. Among the various regions of the new world, there are several, such as Mexico, Peru, and the Broils, which present to trade the same productions as Europe, whilst at the ssme time, they afford productions of which she is deprived. Euro e produces neither sugar nor coffee, and scarcely any of those beautiful colours that give such Ins- tre to our stufli; whereas America produces wheat, wines, oil, and almost every other product on of Europe, but the latter cannot do without those of the former. America not only presets trade with the most choice productions, but, she besides affords the most precious of all, silver, which may he considered as an universal mer- chandize, since it causes all others to circulate. Mexico, Peru, and the Brasils, are the three richest countries on earth, in the precious metals; and it is well Isis. of North.Auwric.. ST known, that it was these metals, brought over in tribute to Europe, which gave her the trade of India. You trans.. for this trade to America, if you establish the freedom of the New World. Therefore, nothing can be more fatal to Europe, than to take away her trade (or the purpose of transferring it to America. The centre of the political world rests where the centre of commerce is established, because it is from this point, that the arts, sciences, and civilization spread over the rest of th. globe. And it is well known, that the centre of commerce, which formerly existed in the Mediterra- Dean, has already been drawn towards the ocean by the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope; but it would not be adviseable to remove it any further by the eniie inde- pendence of America, otherwise the pro-eminence would be given to a people to whom nature seemed to have re- fused it, and the world woud again fall into barbarism. It is to the Mediterranean that the nations ot Europe, and particularly Spain, France, Italy and Greece, ought to seek to retain or attract the commerce of the world; be. isuse it is rotund this sea that nature has placed the rich- est soil, and the handsomest race of anon. It is under this happy climate, that all the arts which constitute the charm or consolation of lire, are born and carried to perfection. Carry these arts into other climates, and they will either or they will be badly cultivated, and ignorance, with all her scourges, will again seread throughout the world. It is necessary, therefore, in order to retain and perfect civilization among men, to preserve to Europe the pre- eminence nature has bestowed upon her; but you take this away if America ii ;et at liberty. All the Europe~ nations, and even England, whose ate can never be separated (mm that or Europe, are con- sequently more or less interested In the dependence of America, but none so much so as the Spanish nation. Spain could never flourish, or even maintain herself, with- out the aid of America, because, being inferior to Eu. ropean nations in industry, she stands in need of the me- tals of Anerica to pay for that of foreigners.. Spain, and the same may be said of Portugal, is therefore interested in bringing America back to herself, by every means in Vol. II. No. 4t 13 United ~States ~Nov. her i~~er, and particularly by the bond of religion, I i~ o most powerful of all. Notwithstanding, however, that other nations appe~. less interested than Spain and Portugal in the f~tc of America, they cannot remain indifferent. All nat ions carry on a trade more or less direct with the American colonic~ an(l they would ruin themselves in this trade, if they AiJ not receive in return, by the rights of sovereignty, or by their commercial relations with Spain and Portugal, the si!ver destined to pay for colonial productions. Give ii~ ~:ependence to America, and the trade carried on with her will gradually resemble that of the Indies, aid xx 11 become burdensome to Europe, because it is eas~~r to (uS- pense with muslins and shawls than with gold and silver. And let it not be said that it would be so difficult to hinder the independence of South, as it was to prevent that of North America. The population of the latter be- ing nearly all of European origin, required not the aid of England to defend it against the Indians and blacks whereas the European population of Spanish America, being less numerous than that of the Spanish and black colours, is unable to defend itself against them without the support oi Spain, or of some other European power. There consequently exists between Spanish America and Europe a bond of considerable strength, which did not exist between England and the United States; and it is this reason that occasions so many struggles in Spanish America, and will eventually ruin the country altogether, if the European powers do not again succeed in restoring their dominion. The European powers may, therefore, successfully op- pose the independence of America ; and they ought to oppose it, in order to retain their commerce and their pie- eminence in the world. They ought, however, to oppose it the more, in order to repress the commercial ambition of England and fke United States. The English themselves at present only favour the in- dependence of Sianishi America, but for the purpose of forming mercantile eslahhshments there. They ~di c: dy hold in their own hands the keys of all the seas ; and hey seek by new establishments on the River Ia Plata and the Fernandez islands, to embrace the two coasts of South ISIS.] of North.Auwrico. 9. America, in like manner as they embrace the two coasts of North America, by their establishments at Halifax and Noolka Bound. The ambition of the United States is more disguised than that of Biagland, but still more dangerous, because it wants to nothipg less than to devour the whole of North America, whilst Europe is unconscious of their object. Since the Americans have acquired Louisiana, they ap. pear unable to bqar any barrier. round them. They have already invaded florida, explored the whole of the country that separates them from the Pacific Ocean, and they now raise their pretensions towards the west, on the one side, as far as the Missouri, and on the other as far as the river Del None. And it is plain that by occupying the bor- den of the river Del Norte, they would soon be enabled to invade Mexico; which, being taken in front and flank, would to them become an easy prey. The commercial avidity of the Americans eqnals, and even surpasses, that of the English. These people have scarcely append on the ocean, and already there is not a shore on the globe, or a sea, that their navigators have not explored. Whilst, on the one side, they are seen traversing with their light vessels, the whole Atlantic coast, as far as Cape Horn, from whence they boldly launch into the South Sea; on the other, they are beheld rising as far as the very ice of the Arctic Pole, and pen. vialing into the deep inlets of the Hudson and Davis s Bays. The moat remote and boisterous seas, the White Sea, the Baltic, she Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, those of Bengal and Chin; are covered with their flags; they also fre4uent the scarcely known shores of the whole southern himi. sphere, range along the western coast of America,.. well as the eastern parts of Asia, and seem to fly from one ex- treinity of the globe to the other,. with the rapidity of birds. An ambition of this kind, manifested by an infant peo~ pie, is still more eUngeruos than that or England, against whom we have seen the whole of Lurope leagued; and it ~:anmot fail to be fatal to the Suropean powers if not re- striced within its due bounds. The European nations, consequently, ought. at length to turn their attention to- wards America, and concert between themselves what measures are necessary to fix the destiny of so large a 100 UsUal i:a.~ (Nov. portion of the globe, and so interesting to all; for since navigation has opened and bound the diderent regions of the world together, no particular one can be neglected without all deriving injury. It therefore becomes the duty of all the large nation of Europe to embrace in their policy all 9 he other countries; not to turn them to accorni as England does, but to preserve harmony between them, and to supply them with the means of their preserva- tion Among the large nations of Europe, some are not sufficiently generous, and others not sufficiently powerful by sea and land, to extend their solicitude to all nations. France alone placed in the midst of them, as if to bind and balance them together, is enabled constantly to watch over the harmony and happiness of all; because, alone sufficiently rich in her own soil not to envy the rest, she besides produces men the most brave and th, most generous. Sake eqs pmnasjlsrss, SulunSa blue, h~ ~ This nation, alone, deserves to be the moderator of others, since she surpasses all in generosity and grandeur of soul. But let it not be thought that I here seek to stir up the nations of Europe against the independence of the United States; I only seek to guard them against that of Spanish America. God forbid, that I should seek to arm Europe against a nation that has almost entirely issMed from her own bosom, that has preserved her laws, manners, and religion, and that appears only to have gone over to America, but for the purpose of animating a sluggish soil, and of carrying thither the arts and civilization. The translator has attached a long note to these obser- vations on the emancipation of South America, which he commences by saying, How the fatal consequences here pa edicted to Europe, from the independence of South America, could ever occur, really appears singular. How that event could bring barbarism on the old world, and take from it the commerce of India, is difficult to imagine.~ With respect to the South Americans, he macs the follow~ Ing observations: 1815.] of North-America. 101 Seventeen millions of inhabitants, placed on the most ~ extensive continent ot the world~ abounding in the richest prod tic tions, and cotisiirning annuafly move ban I hirt ecu millions sterling ot entitle(l European products, are certainly to some consi~iera1iou in the general scale of po- litical events ; and a commercial connection with them cannot be a subject of mdi ~erence to any nation. Yet the l]orrors, scenes of bloodshed, and general ruin and devastation now witnessed there, excite neither interest nor curiosity in the cabinets of Europe; and the late events that have deluged the discoveries of Colt~mbus in blood, anti rent them with anarchy, appeared to have excited neither sy rupatity nor regret ; nay, the late conduct of Europe seems dictated for no other purpose, than to alien- ate them from her, in order to binu them to their sister republic of the north. We do not often meet with more puerile and more ridi- culous matter, than is contained in the last extret we have made from this work of M. de Beaujour. The Mediteira- nean is to be made the centre of commerce, because its shores are peopled with the handsomeet mcu, and Europe is to be ruined if the provinces of South America are made free and independent, and open to the trade of all the world ; the French are the only generous people, and the only ones who from habit and situation are capable of pro- moting the harmony of the world. The English are dange- rotis, and we still more, because we pursue commerce with sagacity, eagerness, and enterprise. The translator some- times joins in soundin0 the tocsin against us. We who are exploring, bringing into cuhtivation, and developing the resources of immense regions abandoned to a state of nature; and thereby peaceably adding to the prodticts and resources of the civilized world, are held up as objects of jealousy and suspicion, by those inoffensive people, who are em- broiling, and conquering every country within their reach. This vague feeling of alarm about us, that pervades the writings of some Europeati statesmen, and the inimical doctrines it produces, are every way al3surd. In the first place, it is beyond their power to stop our growth, and therefore to cherish suspicion rid animosity is only mischie- vous; but still more so, to boY up the idea, that the pios- perity of one nation, when it is owing to her habits of peace, industry and enterprise, car be noxious to any other. 102 United State. of N.rtk.Ameflca. (iov. Every nation in Europe has reaped advantage from our flourishing growth, d if some have obtained # larger crop than others, it has been owing to their superiour inteiligence and industry. The gentle hint to the notions of Europe, about the necessity of regulating our destinies, is words remembering. Europe, however, has enough to occupy her attention at present, without meddling with the United States; and as to France, unfortunate France! she seems long destined to rue her past encroachments upon other nations, and to be furnished with full employment in healing her own wounds, and conciliating her own distracted popu. la~ion. The question of the independence of South America is too vast, and its bearings too various to bE entered upon here. We believe most fully, that it would be eventually advantageous to Spain, as the lows of the United States was to Great Britain. Spain, by the agreement of all historians and statistical writers, has sufibred at home, from her depen deuce on the precious metals of her colonies. Population and industry were discouraged, and the most insupportable abuses of administration perpetuated; because the desola. lion of the Provinces of the mother country was disregarded, while the Court could depend on the American mines for supplies, and could pride themselves on a pretended mono- poly;we say pretended, for what was the real operation of the Spanish system? they were the mere banker., through whose hands the money passed, to reward the skill of more industrious counti les; pay, of late years, the money has in many cases never even visited the Spanish tenitories, b.~t, mortgaged beforehand by the poverty of the kingdom, it Las passed with a royal license immediately into the hands of foreigners. If Spain, profiting by her own negative expe rience, and the positive experience of others, of the ineufi- caty of the colonial system for such a country, as the continent of either Bouth or North America, should magani- mously loose her hold on these extensive regions, it would secure to her, assisted by the advantages of similar language, relicion, manners, and habits, all the monopoly that youd be beneflejal. Melioration of the administration at Louise, awl free commerce to these colonies, would promote the pro%city of all the world, but that of Spain in the first tsr. 1~15.1 The Queens Wake. I And, after all, is the population of South America, in some of the Provinces a very tine one, to be utterly (115- regarded? Is there no feeling of remorse in the most cal- lous politician, at abandoning these provinces to a govern mont like that now existing in Spain ? To a king, who by one of his first acts restored the Inquisition, and condemned to the gallies the patriots, who at all hazards maintained his rights to the throne of his ancestors, when he himself had weakly aband onded them? To a king, the spirit of whose administratimi may be gathered from the following account of his em~Aoyments ; whi h is extracted from the Christian Observer for April last, a respectable English publication The seven~h edition of a sermon preached at Cadiz by Father Biasius Ostalaya, has issued from the Spanish press. The immediate cause of its popularity seems to be, the account it gives of the domestic employments of Fer- (linand 7th, at Xralencia. That Sovereign it seems begins the day with prayers, confessions and offices of piety; and then proceeded much to the satisfaction of the worthy confessor, to embroider a robe for the Virgin Mary. Though under no very particular obligations to Spain, we cannot interfere in the dispute. Indeed, our good will would be more disinterested than that of any other nation; for the Provinces of South America, under a good government, would l~e able to furnish many things to the West Indies and to Europe, more advantageously than we could ; but some balance would be found, and if not, the happiness of the world at large would be increased, and this would be sufficient. It would be stupid indiiference, or downright hypocrisy, not to wish them success. The Queens Wake: a le~endarij poem, by James Jio% Boston, republished by Wells and Lilly, pp. 217. That the author of this poem was a common shepnerLl, which is asserted by the editor in a preface on he oi~ ~ PCI sonal knowledge, is the most extraordinary ctrcui~tancc about the work ; the dcdicatioa is the most pled~ni~ To her Royal Highness the Piizicess Charlotte of V~ ile Shepherd among the r iountair~s of Scotland dedicates this poem~ This seems to be idi~iic~ in J~toidl (I

1~15.1 The Queens Wake. I And, after all, is the population of South America, in some of the Provinces a very tine one, to be utterly (115- regarded? Is there no feeling of remorse in the most cal- lous politician, at abandoning these provinces to a govern mont like that now existing in Spain ? To a king, who by one of his first acts restored the Inquisition, and condemned to the gallies the patriots, who at all hazards maintained his rights to the throne of his ancestors, when he himself had weakly aband onded them? To a king, the spirit of whose administratimi may be gathered from the following account of his em~Aoyments ; whi h is extracted from the Christian Observer for April last, a respectable English publication The seven~h edition of a sermon preached at Cadiz by Father Biasius Ostalaya, has issued from the Spanish press. The immediate cause of its popularity seems to be, the account it gives of the domestic employments of Fer- (linand 7th, at Xralencia. That Sovereign it seems begins the day with prayers, confessions and offices of piety; and then proceeded much to the satisfaction of the worthy confessor, to embroider a robe for the Virgin Mary. Though under no very particular obligations to Spain, we cannot interfere in the dispute. Indeed, our good will would be more disinterested than that of any other nation; for the Provinces of South America, under a good government, would l~e able to furnish many things to the West Indies and to Europe, more advantageously than we could ; but some balance would be found, and if not, the happiness of the world at large would be increased, and this would be sufficient. It would be stupid indiiference, or downright hypocrisy, not to wish them success. The Queens Wake: a le~endarij poem, by James Jio% Boston, republished by Wells and Lilly, pp. 217. That the author of this poem was a common shepnerLl, which is asserted by the editor in a preface on he oi~ ~ PCI sonal knowledge, is the most extraordinary ctrcui~tancc about the work ; the dcdicatioa is the most pled~ni~ To her Royal Highness the Piizicess Charlotte of V~ ile Shepherd among the r iountair~s of Scotland dedicates this poem~ This seems to be idi~iic~ in J~toidl (I 104 ri.. QtaeeWa W.k.. (Nov. tion, what has hitherto been only fabulous, at least since the days of Arcadia, whose chronology is a little uncertain. The delicacy, purity and feeling, which the ancient poets attributed to shepherds, and which their successors have servilely imitated down to the present time, is ridiculously false as regards the modern race of them, and indeed from the nature of their occupation, must have always been so; for of all menial employments, this seems, from the circum- stances attending it, as pursued in Europe, to nourish igno- rance,and stupidity. Mr. liogg is a striking esception, and may be considered as one of the first real shepherds who has ever indulged in ~try; though the pretended ones have deluged us with their insipidity. By the plan of this poem, the author supposes the unfit. tunate Queen Mary, soon after her first arrival in Scotland, to have ordered a grand musical festival, or Wake, as such meetings were called in that country. At this wake all the principal minstrels contended for certain prises, to be award- ed by the Queen in presence of all the court. The per- formers, seventeen in number, sung to the accompaniment of their harps some tale or ballad, founded on the traditions and superstitions of the country. These are given in a vs- riety of different metres. Mr. Hogg makes Rizzio, the Italian favourite of Mary, commence the entertainment, which lasted three days. We select this tale as a speci- men of the work; there are two or three others, that pos- sets more wildness and fancy, but this is of a convenient length, and is told with considerable pathos. Caine ye by Oras verdant steep, That smiles the restless ocean over? Heard ye a suffering alden weep? Heard ye he! name a faithful lover? Saw ye an aged matron stand Oer yon green grave above the strand, Bent like the trunk of withered tree, Or you old thorn that sips the sea? Phd her dim eye, her face as pale As the mists that oer her flew: Her joy is fled like the flower of the vale, Her hope like the morning dew I That matron was lately as proud of her stay, As the mightiest monarch of sceptre or my: O list to the tale! Us a tale of soft sorrow, Of Malcolm of Lots, and ymg Ann of Glen-Ott :1315.1 The Qems. Jflk.. 05 Thorns Is sweet at early morn, Just blushing from the oceans bosom; The rose that decks the woodland hips Is fairest in its opening blossom; Sweeter than o;wniiig rose in dew, Than verpal flowers of debut hue, Than fragrant birch or weeping willow, Than red sun resting on the billow; Sweeter than aught to mortals given The heart and soul to prove; Sweeter than aught beneath the heaven, The joys of early love! Never did maiden, and manly youth, Love with such fervour, and love with web truth; Or nlessures and virtues alternately horrow, As Malcolm of Loin, and fair Ann of Glen-Ore. The day Is come,the dreaded day, Must part two loving hearts roy ever; The ship lies rocking in the bay, The boat comes rippling Dli the river: O happy has the gloaming s eye In green Glen-Ons bosom seen them! But soon shall lands and nations lie, And angry oceans roll between them. Yes. they must part, for ever part; Ohill falls the truth on either heart; For honour, titles, wealth, and state, In distant lands her sire await. The maid must with her sire away, She cannot stay behind; Strait to the south the pennons play, And steady is the wind. Shall Malcolm relinquish the home of his youth, And sail with his love to the lands of the south? Ah,no! forhisfatherisgonetothe tomb: One parent survives in her desolate home! No child but her Malcolm to ch~er her lone fly: Break not her fond heart, genfle Malcolm, 0, stay! The boat ImpatIent leans ashore, Her prow sleeps on a sandy pillow; The rower leans upon his oar, Already bent to brush the billow. O t Malcolm, view yon melting eyes, With tears yon stainless roses steeping I 0! Malcolm, list thy mothers sighs; Shes leaning oer her stall and weeping! Vol. 11. No. 4. 14 10& TA. Ques. Fisk. (Nov. Thy Annas best Is hound to thine And must that gentle heart repluet Quick from the shore the boat must Ly; Her soul Is speaking through her eye; Thinkof thyjoysin Ovas shade; From Anna canat thou sever? Think of the vows thou often last nude, To love the dear maiden hr ever. And canst thou forego such beauty and youth, Such maiden honour and spotless troth? Forbid IttHe yields; to the boat he draws nigh. flute, Malcolm, aboard, and revtrt net thine eye. That trembling voice, In murmurs weak, Comes not to hint the hopes before thee; For pity, Malcolm, turn, and take A last farewell of her that hore thee. She says nowordtomar thy bliss; A 1st embrace, a parting kiss, Her love deserves.then be thou gone; A mothers joys are thine alone. Friendship may fade, and Attune prove Deceitful to thy heart; But never can a mothers love From her own eflhprlng part. That tender foss, now heat and gray, Shall quickly sink to her native clay; Then who shall watch her parting breath, And shed a tear oer her couch of death? Who follow the dat to Its long, long home, And lay that head in an honoured tomb? Oft hast thou, to herbosom prest, For many aday about been borne; Oft bushed and cradled on her breast, And caust thou leave that breast forlorn? Oer all thy ails her heart has bled; Oft has she watched beside thy bed; Oft prayed for thee in deli at even, Beneath the pitying stars of heaven. AM Malcolm, neer was parent yet So tender, so benign? Never was maid so loved, so sweet, Nor soul so rent as thinot lie looked to the boat,.slow she heaved from the shorn;. He saw his loved Anna all speechless implore: But, grasped by a cold and a trembling hand, Me clung to hIs parent, and sunk on the strand. The Quee& s Wake. I %~ The boat acrosa the tide flew fast. And left 5 yea curve behind; Loud sung the s~i~or from ~he mast, Spreaulin., his rails iiefore the ~vind. ~l2he sutely shin, adown t e bay, A corsiet frai~cd Oa heaviur. now, And jiur~ed on high t4ie lea dea Till rainbows gleamed around her prw. Uow strained was Malcolms watery eye, Yon fleeting vision to descry! But, ah! her lessening form so fair, Soon vanirhed in the liquid air. Away to Oras headland steep The youth retired the while, And saw th unpitying vessel sweep Atound you Highland isle. His heart and his mind with that vessel had gone; His sorrow was deep, and despairing his moan, When, lifting his eyes from the green heaving deep, He prayed the Almighty his Anna to keep. High oer the crested cliffs of Loin The curlew coned her wild bravura; The sun, in pall of l)urple borne, Was hastening down the steeps of Jura~ The glowing ocean heaved her breast, Her wandering lovers glances under; And shewed his radiant form, imprest Dccl) in a wavy world of wonder. Not all the oceans dyes at even, Though varied as the bow of heaven; The countless isles so dusky blue, Nor medley of the gray curlew, Could light on Malcolms spirit shed Their glory all was gone! For his ~joy was fled, his hope was dead, And hi heart forsaken and lone. The sea-bird sought her roofless nest, To xvarm Per brood with her downy breast; And near her home, on the margin dun, A mother weeps oer her dutecus son. One little boat alone is seen On all the lovely dapiled main, TWIt softly sinks the w:v~s hetwe2n, Then ve~dtca their he:iWag breasts again 103 The Queen. ~.k.. NOT, With snow sail, and rowers sweep, Across the tide she seems to fly. Why bears she 03 708 headland steep, Where neither house nor home is nigh? Is that a vision from the deep That springs ashore and scales the steep. Nor ever stays its ardent haste Till sunk upon young Malcolms breast I 0! spare that breast so lowly laid, So fraught with deepest sorrow It is his own, his darling maid, Young Anna of Glen-Os !w- My Malcolm! part we inter again! My father s~w thy bosoms pain; Pitied my grief from thee to sever; Now I, and Glen-Os, am thine for ever!.. That blase of joy, through clouds of wo, Too fierce upon his heart did falL But, aht the shaft hadleft the how, Which power of man could not recall!~ No word of love could Malcolm speak; No raptured kiss his ups impart; No tear bedewed his shivering cheek, To ease the grasp that held his heart. His arms assayed one kind embrace Will they enclose her? never: never! A smile sat softly on his face, Butahi theeyewas set forever! Twas more than broken heart mid brook I How throbs that breast IHow ramd~tlookt One shiver more IAll! all is 0 erR As melts the wave on level shore; As fades the dye of falling even, Par on the silver verge of heaven; As on thy ear, the minstrels layr So died the comely youth any: The following verse in a ballad which forms the twelfth Bards song, recalled to mind a certain story of Peter Piper, constructed for those who had a hesitation in their speech, and this perhaps would be equally efficacious if repeato4 rapidly. Lord Darcie drew, Lord Darcie threw; But threwanddrewin vain; Lord Darcie drew, Lord Darcie threw, $n4 spurreG his black au~aiq, 1815.1 Historical Collections. I O~t The author gives an explanation of nine words in the i~ote which le ~tiin~ peculiar to Scotland, and that these ate i~ ot OHCS. Lie thin: s, ti at the muscular strength of ttie ~ ish lau~uage consists in the energy of its primi- e ~em in the hunk from which a~l its f& iage hatli spuuu and around which its exuberant tendils ~e all enui.iue and interwoven,1 mean the remains of the an- cient Teutonick. On the strength of this conceived priuK~~e, which may haply be erroneous, I have laid it doi u as a maxim, that the greater number of these 01(1 words and terms that can be introduced with propriety into our lan~ua~e the better. To this my casual innova- tions atist be attributed. The authority of Grahaine and Scott has of late rendered a few of these old terms legitimate. If 1 had been as much master of the standard langua~ e as they, I would have introduced ten times more. XVe have only copied these sentences to enter a protest against them, and to express our satisfaction, that with such inten- tions he was not more master of the language. As it is, there are a great number of words that no common reader can understand ; and if Scotland is to continue to furnish popular poems and romances, the [nost saleable and useful book that could be undertaken, would be a dictionary of obsolete, unintelligible, and barbarous terms. Those who are fond of romantick tales and ballads founded on local superstitions, will be much p1 ased with those in this volume, many of which display considerable fancy and originality. Collections of the ]Jfliassachusetts Historical ASocjely. Vol. 3d of the second series. Boston, John Eliot, 8vo. pp. 296. The Massachusetts Historical Society, was incorporated in 1794. There are some learned Societies vhich have been longer in existence; there are none that during the same period have rendered more service to their country. The volume now under consideration is the thirteenth which they have published; besides their labour and exertions in bringing out Hubbards Ms. History ; and, for the honour of the state, it should be mentioned, that they were sisted in the undertaking by a vote of the Legislature who sub~

1815.1 Historical Collections. I O~t The author gives an explanation of nine words in the i~ote which le ~tiin~ peculiar to Scotland, and that these ate i~ ot OHCS. Lie thin: s, ti at the muscular strength of ttie ~ ish lau~uage consists in the energy of its primi- e ~em in the hunk from which a~l its f& iage hatli spuuu and around which its exuberant tendils ~e all enui.iue and interwoven,1 mean the remains of the an- cient Teutonick. On the strength of this conceived priuK~~e, which may haply be erroneous, I have laid it doi u as a maxim, that the greater number of these 01(1 words and terms that can be introduced with propriety into our lan~ua~e the better. To this my casual innova- tions atist be attributed. The authority of Grahaine and Scott has of late rendered a few of these old terms legitimate. If 1 had been as much master of the standard langua~ e as they, I would have introduced ten times more. XVe have only copied these sentences to enter a protest against them, and to express our satisfaction, that with such inten- tions he was not more master of the language. As it is, there are a great number of words that no common reader can understand ; and if Scotland is to continue to furnish popular poems and romances, the [nost saleable and useful book that could be undertaken, would be a dictionary of obsolete, unintelligible, and barbarous terms. Those who are fond of romantick tales and ballads founded on local superstitions, will be much p1 ased with those in this volume, many of which display considerable fancy and originality. Collections of the ]Jfliassachusetts Historical ASocjely. Vol. 3d of the second series. Boston, John Eliot, 8vo. pp. 296. The Massachusetts Historical Society, was incorporated in 1794. There are some learned Societies vhich have been longer in existence; there are none that during the same period have rendered more service to their country. The volume now under consideration is the thirteenth which they have published; besides their labour and exertions in bringing out Hubbards Ms. History ; and, for the honour of the state, it should be mentioned, that they were sisted in the undertaking by a vote of the Legislature who sub~ CoUcelien of Ike (Nov. scribed for a sufficient number of copies to present cue to each town. The publications of this society have rescued a great many curious and important papers from oblivion; they form a collection of documents invaluable to the histo- rian. By their eforts, a collection of minute facts relating to the early period of our history, will be handed to our posterity, which will give them a clear idea of the earliest origin of the nation, and this will be cried down to the most distant periods. As there is little to blame and much to praise in these early annals, every generation will look wit increased veneration to the pure virtues and inflexible constancy of our heroick forefathers, and the influence of their example may stimulate future generations to avoid degeneracy. The papers contained in these collections, are of courSe extremely miscellaneous. Ancient Ms. or small printed works that have become scarce; biographical sketches; original letters, of remarkable persons; topographical ac- counts of towns and parishes; documents relating to religion, war, finance, the Indian tribes, & c. & c. are all found in these volumes, sod there are some articles on all these subjects in the volume now before us. These topographi- cal and statistical papers, are very useful documents, and perhaps their interest rather increases than diminishes with time. Much p raise is due to those gentlemen who have furnished them.Directions for papers of this kind, have been often given by this society; still there is much diversity in the essays given in. Some points are dwelt upon more than is necessary, and others are passed over too hastily, or entirely omitted. It would perhaps be well if the society should, through their members or correspon dents, collect all the statistical details of some particular town, and then print it as a model, and send copies of it to individuals in every town in the sf ate, who might be expect- ed to pay attention to such subjects. This would per induce some of them to prepare a similar return of their own districts. It is in the power of a respectable inhabi- tant, to furnish a statistical return of his own town, without very arduous labour or serious inconvenience, if it be un- dertaken gradually and methodically. Returns of the number of domestick animals, their current value, of the number of acres of land in cultivation, the kind and amount of crops, are important items and not usually given. 1815.] Aiiassacfiusetts Historical society. Lii This present volume contains twenty-nine articles, of which eight arc classed under the head of H story, and fifteen wider that of Topo~rapIiy and Local History. We shall ofr~r a few remarks on some of these in the order of their insertion. The first paper is a description of Mashpee, in th~ County of Barusrable, dated September 16th, 1802. Mash1)ee is one of the Indian Colonies under the protection of the State, respecting which, this paper contains some curious information, and very sound reflections. it is per- haps not generally known, that the state of Massachusetts, has, from its earliest ori~in, maintained certain colonies of Indians to the Present time, which Colonies have been managed and directed partly by the government, and partly by the society for propagating the gospel, the last body having we believe transferred their agency to the ITniver- sity; what progress they have made, what melioration of their condition has ensued, what advantages have resulted to society and religion from their joint efforts, will be best shewn by a few extracts from this short, extremely well writ ten memoir. Mashpee, being south of the chain of hills, which ex- tends from west to east along the north part of the county of Barnstable, is in general level land. The greatest part of it is covered with wood the growth is a few oaks, but principally 1)itch pine. These woods, with those of Sand- wich and Falmnouth that join them, form an extensive forest, which affords a range for deer. In the same forest are also to be found a few rackoons. The land, which has been cleared, is chiefly on the necks near the harbours, and on the banks of the rivers and lakes. The soil of these places, particularly in the neighbourhood of Johns Pond, Mashpee Pond, and Sanctuit Pond, is pretty good. Much of the Land however is sandy. The cleared land has been estimated at about twelve hundred acres. The soil is easily tilled ; and produces Indian corn from seven to twenty bushels by the acre, and about one third as much of rye. On new land, being a mixture of sand and loam, properly manured by foddering cattle ixith salt hay upon it, Mr. Hawley has raised fifty bushels of indian corn to an acre. On seventy-seven rods of loamy lan(l, being fresh and new, and properly manured, his son has grown not less than a hundred and ninety seven pounds of well dressed and good flax. NDt much oats 112 Collection. of time ~ow. and no barley are produced. The land at present is not manured by fish. The Indians use little barn dung; but about their hovels and stack. their land grows better. Some of them are farmers, and keep oxen; many of them own a cow, and a few sheep; and perhaps half a dozen of them possess horses. Beside corn and rye the Indians raise potatoes. Of the twelve or thirteen thousand acres of land in the p1antation, a part is appropriated to the several families, is beld in fee simple, is mostly enclosed, and descends by special custom. This family land, thus held separately, is considered and used as private proverty by the respec- tive owners; and in no degree is the improvement of it affected by the special statutes made to regulate the plan- tation. The residue of the land is common and undivided, and wholly subject to these statutes and regulations. This land consists of a. hundred and sixty acres of salt marsh, a few enclosed p saturn, escheated to the plantation for want of heirs to inherit them, and the large tracts of wood land. One half of the marsh land is leased for the common benefit of the plantation. The overseers do not allow more wood to be carried to market, than can be spared; but it is for the general interest, that three or four hundred cords should be annually exported to Nantucket and other places. Besides these sources of income, seve- ml families of whites are tenants, and pay rent to the overseers for the benefit of the Indians. These monies are applied to the use of the poor, sick, and schools, and to the current expenses of the plantation. There are within the limits of Mashpee about twenty-five families of whites; the greatest part of whom live on a large tract of land in the neighbourhood of Waquolt Bay, which was alienated from the Indians above a century ago: they pay taxes and do duty in Falmoutli. West of Whakepee is anot her tract of land in the possession of white inhabitants, who pay taxes in SAndwich. At Coatuit is another tract possessed by whites, who are taxed in Barnatable. These two tracts also were long since alienated from the Indians. Tine missionary himself, Mr. Hawley, considers himself as belonging to Barnatahie; and votes with the freeholders of that town. Neither the lands nor the persons of the [indians in Masbpee, 1W rins Vineyard, or in any part of Massachusetts, are taxed; nor are they required to per- 1815.] .Massachitsetts Historical Society. 113 form services to the government in any way. They are not however a free people. The government views them as children, who are incapable of taking care of themselves: they are placed under overseers and guardians, who will not permit them to do many things which they please, and who in particular will not suffer them to sell their lands to any one. The inhabitants of lYlashpee are denominated Indians but very few of the pure race are left; there are negroes, mulattoes, and Germans. Their numbers have often been taken; and have not varied much during the past twenty years. At present there are about eighty houses, and three hundred and eighty souls.~ The houses are either wigwams or cottages. The wigwams are few in number; some of them are about fifteen or eighteen feet square; and others, of nearly the same dimensions, are of an octagon shape. A fire is made in the m~ldle of the tloor; and a hole in the top suffers the smoke to escape. They are built of sedge; and will last about ten years. Some of them are comfortable habitations in winter; but in summer they are so infested with fleas and bugs, that it is impossible for any one but an Indian to sleep in them. The cottages are dirty, ii ufinished huts. The Indians in general are not neat either in their per Sons or houses. Neither can they he said to be distin- guished for their industry. Beside the farmers, some of the men are whalemen; others catch trout, alewives, and other fish in the rivers. Several of the women cultivate the ground; and many of them make brooms and baskets, and sell them among their white neighbours, but more frequently carry them over to Nantucket. A few of the women manufacture their wool, and clothe themselves and their husbands with the labour of their own hands. A very few of them make butter or cheese. Several of the young females go to the large sea-port towns for months together, and serve in gentlemens kitchens, to the great injury of their morals ; and others of the women lead a vagabond life in the country, where at last they find negro * In 1803 an exact acco:int was taken of the Indians, Negroes, and Mi~Iattoes in Mashpee, and the number was found to be three hundred and fifty. seven. Vol.11. NQ.4. 114 Collections of the [Nov. husbands, whom they bring home to enjoy all the privi- lege~ and imnunities of Mashpee. T~iere are several schools, where the children are taught reading and spelling ; but none of them are good ; to ~s the Indians are scattered over the plantation, not ent u~,h children for a school can be collected in any one phice. The females are in general better taught than the rnaies but many of the latter can write and cast accounts and some of them have a mechanical turn. Morals are not in a good state. There are instances of industry and temperance ; but too many of these Inn jans are unwilling to we rk, and aie addicted to drunkenness. The fenales are more temperate than the males ; but not a few of the young women, as well those who are married, as those who are not, are unchaste. The Indians, like other ignorant I)eople, are apt to be suspicious. They cannot he!ieve that the officers of government, Ihe mem- bers o the Society for propagating the gospel, their over- seers and guardians, and the other gentle men, who have endea~oured to make them ~OO(l and happy, and who, if ever men were disinterested, must be allowed to be so, are not under the dominion of selfish motives. Too many of them are false and trickish their way of life disposes them to these vices ; hunting, fishing, and fowling, the usual employments of savages, train them up to he insidi- otis. But though they are cunning and sly, yet they are at the same time improvident. If they were to be left to themselves, the In(lians of Mashpee, and the same thing is true of those of Marthas Vineyard, would soon dhest themselves of their land, and spend the capital. The in- habitants of this place are poor ; and several of them are entirely supported by the guardians. At times all of them require relief. Their stores are generally very small, as an Indian (lepends for his daily bread upon his daily sue- cess a weeks sickness therefore iinpoveiishes the great- est part of them, and renders them destitute of every corn- fort. Without the compassion of their white guardians many of them would perish ; for they have not much pity for each other. Several of them have actually suffered in times passed, from want of attention. Not twenty years siuce, two widows, Sarah Esan and the widow Nauhaud, who were in usual health, but feeble and alone, perished, at different times, and not far from home. Their bodies 1815.] Miassachuselts Historical Society. I ic~ were found ; but no coroner was called, no inquest wa~ taken. These widows might be driven out by unkindness, or urged by want might be seeking wild fruit in the wjods, where they got entangled and died. At that time the Indians of Mashpee were a body poIitic~, and annualy chose officers to provide for their poor. But the eiect~d officers of any people are the people in miniature ; and among savages, and those who are in a low stale of civil- ization, the si& and the aged are always trealei with iie- glect for tenderness and di~iuierested benevolence do not spring up in the heart like indigenous plants ; but they are the fruits of long, of laborious, and of intelligent c u t iv at ion. Religion among these people is not in a better state than morals. Last year their meeting house resembled a cage of unclean birds it may not perhaps be in so bad a con- dition at present, as a promise was then given that it should be cleansed. The situation of it proved, that they took no delight in the worship of God, as the house which is dedicated to him was more offensive to the senses, than een their filthy huts. When the savages of New Eng- land were first converted to the christian faith, they were styled Praying Indians ; but this name cannot with propriety be applied to the inhabitants of Mashpee; for family prayer is almost, if hot altogether, unknown among them. Not much more attcntion is paid to publick, than to domestick religion very few of the children are bap- tized ; and there are riot iriore than ten or twelve conimU nicants. In one respect, however, there seems to be no inditlerence to religion ; for, though there are not more than eighty families, yet there are two ministers of the gospel. Mr. I1~iwley, the missionary, is a Coryregation- alist ; and Mr. John Freeman, a half-blooded Indian, who is most fol!owed by the natives, is a l3aplist.The tn- dians retain few of the superstitions of their aucestors per- haps they are not more superstitions than their white neigh hon is. They still however preserve a regard frr sacrifice rocks, on which they cast a stick or stone, when they pass by them. They themselves can hardly inform us why they do this, or when it began to be a custom arnon~ them. Perhaps it may he an acknowledgment of an invisible agent, a tol~en of the gratitude of the passen- ger on his journey for the good hand of Providence over I it; Collections of the [Nor~ him thus far, and may imply a mental prayer for if~ continu- ance or perhaps, as many of the vulgar among the English carry about them lucky bones, and make use of other charms to secure the smiles of fortune, so these slicks, which are heaped on the sacrifice rocks, may be nothing more than offer- ings made to good luck, a mysterious agent, which is scarce- ly considered as a deity, which is spoken of without rever- ence, and adored without devotion. Of the fables of the Indians not many traces are left. One marvellous story however is still preserved. Before the existence of Coa- tuit Brook, a beneiolent trout, intending to furnish the Indians with a stream of fresh water, forced his way from the sea into the land ; but finding the effort too great for his strength, he expired, when another fish took up the work where lie left it, and completed the brook to Sane- tuit Pond. The reader may believe as much of the story as he pleases. He probably would regard the whole as a fiction, if he was not assured, that thousands of persons have seen the mound of earth, which covers the grave of the benevolent trout. It is on the grounds of Mr. Hawley, and not far from his house ; and is twenty-seven feet over, and fifty four feet in length. Those parts of the history of Mashpee, which have been given in these Collections,* need not be repeated here. At the time when this territory was granted to the South Sea Indians, as they are styled in the deeds, the natives were numerous in the county of Barustable ; but they were not particularly so in Mashpee. At present there are as many in iVlashpee, as in former periods, whilst from other parts of the county they have almost entirely disap- peared. It must not be inferred from this fact, that the plantation is exempt from the general law to which the abo- rhinais are subject, that its inhabitants should gradually waste away; but it has proceeded from this cause, that Mashpee enjoying many peculiar privileges and advantages7 in particular that those who (Iwell in it ale sure of a living, from their labour, if they are willing to work, and from the charity of their guardians, if they are not,has during a great number of years been an asylum for lazy Indians from all quarters of the country. They have come, not * See Coil, of list. Soc. 1st Ser. Vol. 1. p. 196, 204. Vol. III. p. 188 Vol. IV. p. 66. Vol. V. p. 206. Vol. X. p. 113, 133. 1813.1 Massachusetts Historical ~Society. 117 only from the towns of the county, but from Middlebo- rough, New Bedford, Natick, Narraganset, and even Long Island. So far is Mashpee from being able to keep good its numbers by natural population, that several ancient families have entirely lost their name. We might par- ticularly mention the Wepquish and Sincausin families, who were remarkable for their cunning and artifice, and of whom, though they flourished here not forty years ago, no sprig now remains. Several ancient families how- ever are still left, in particular the Popmonets and the Keetohs. The Commissioners of the Society for propagating the gospel in New England during a long course of yeams.su- perintended these Indians ;* and they expended Jarge sums of money for their benefit,in the salaries of their ministers, in schools for the education of their children, in clothes and food for their poor, and in the journie~ of com- mittees, who visited them from time to time, for the sake of promoting their improvement in piety and virtue, of listening to their complaints, and redressing their griev- ances. The Report of one of the committees follows this Description ; and it is given as a specimen of the care, with which the Commissioners watched over these Indians. Committees of the legislature have also visited Mash pee, whenever it has been requested; and have exhausted much time, patience, and money in the service of the inhabitants. It has not however been found easy to satisfy them, or to render them happy as the committees coul4 not give them temperance and in- dustry, they have still remained poor, abject, and discon- tented. It appears from the account which has been given of this plantation, that it has been an expensive establish mnent from the beginning, but that probably little good has been produced. The Indians have become neither a religious nor a virtuous people, nor have they been made happy. No one can doubt the pious and benevolent intentions of Rich- aid Bourne, who procured this extensive patent for the Indians; nor of the gentlemen, who in succession, for a century and a half, have watched over them, like parents * Since the Revolution they have been under the care of other bodies of men. Sec Colt. of Hist. Soc. 11.47. 2d Series. 118 LYojiections of the tNov. over their children. The exertions, which have been made for their benefit, are honourable to the government of Massachusetts, and to the socielies who have so libeial- ly contributed their time and wealth ; but the melancholy reflection, that they have labonred in vain, perpetually in- trudes itself on the mind. With a hundi edib part of the pains which have been bestowed on these savages, a own might have been raised up on the ground occupieu by them, which would contain four times as many white in habitants, enjoying all the comforts of civilized life, and contributing by their industry to the welfare of the slate, and by the taxes, which they pay, to the suppoil of gov- eminent. This plantation may be compared to a pasture, which is capable of feeding fifteen or sixteen hnn~red sheep ; but into which several t~ood-natured and ~isioni1y gentlemen have put three or four hundred wolves, toxes, and skunks, by way of experiment, with the hope that they might in time be tamed. A shepherd has been placed over them at high wages ; and as the animals have been found to decrease, other wolves, foxes, and skunks have been allured to the pasture, to keep up their number. But the attempt has been in vain the wild animals have worried the shepherd ; have how led, and yelped, nd cast other indignities upon the gentlemen, who from time to tiaie have visited them, for the sake of observing how the experiment went on ; and have almost died with hunger, though they have been fed at an enormous expense. What then, it may be said, do you mean that this plantation ought to be broken up, and its tnhabitnnts dispersed ? Shall the speculators, who are hovering on its boiders, be let in to prey on these natives, and to seize their lands ~ We answer, no the plantation was entailed on these In- dians in the days of our forefathers ; nor can they be di~- possessed of it without an act of injustice. Let them re- main ; and let the pious and benevolent still persevere in their endeax ours, however hopeless, to make theni ood men and christians. Perhaps when they cease to he In- dians, when their blood is more plentifully mixed with the blood of Africa, they may acquire the habits of temper- ance and industry ; and may become useful to the state, in ulich they have so long been a nuisance or if not, they are our fellow nien, and they are poor men ; they arc in- capable of supporting themselves, and consequently are ciii ird to the a~:ns of the charitable. 1815.1 Massadtusetts Historical Society. I 1~ Much has been said and written about the oppression of the natives, by the first settlers in this country ; many phianthropists have regretted that pains had not been taken to civilize them ; many well meaning, devout people, have deplored their heathenish condition ; with how much iea son and justice these complaints have been uttered, this cx- peiment may serve to explain. It will not be contended, that the experiment has been ill-conducted, this would be treason against the State ; it will not be said, that it is inju- dicious and extravagant, since it has been under the par- tic niar patronage of that most useful institution, the Society for propagating the gospel among the Indians ; it will not be alleged that it has been hasty and incomplete, for it has now lasted one hundred and sixty years. We would i~ot, any more than the humane writer of this account of Mash- pee, abandon these poor people suddenly ; we would not counsel the slightest violation of law to their disadvantage, we would on the contrary insist, that the legislature should guarantee their rights so long as any of the genuine Indians had the smallest claim to the land ; and preserve their in- terests with the same scrupulous integrity, that the English government did the possessions of the Jesuits in Canada, who after that order was prohibited from receiving any nev members, still paid to them all the income of their pro- perty, while any of them remained, till for many years their ample revenues were received by only one or two individ- Un s. But, it is surely time that the State should cease to maintain a depot for vagabonds of all colours, from all parts of the country; or keep up an establishment for producing every possible variety of cross, between negroes and In- dians. The Society for propagating the Gospel having transferred their superintendance to the government of the University, (10 not feel the want of them in their annual re- port ; though in the total absence of misery and ignorance in this country, they would have been tnuch embarrassed by the extinction of this establishment ; had not the recent plan for converting The Hindoos, offered them a resource, that when all others fail will not be easily exhausted, and the acknowledged superfluity of wealth possessed by our learned and charitable institutions, can now be sent to the Continent of Asia. Some short-sighted people, it is true, complain, that we are suffering for want of a hospital in his Metropolis, but what is this privation compared with the 120 (Jollections of the (Nov. deficit of bibles in the Birman Empire ?We repeat, that we would not be guilty of any violation of the strictest rights of property, that a commencement only should be made for the gradual destruction of a nuisance, without in- juring the property of the humblest individuals. Bitt, when the ancient families of the Popmonets and the Kee- tohs, shall experience the same fate that has already befal- lea; the Wepquish nd Sincausin, as well as the Julian and zEmilittn races, that this colony shall tliei be dissolved, and our posterity released from its burthen and disgi ace. The fourth paper is entitled Notes on Nantucket, from which we extract an account of a very ingenious clock con- structed by Mr. Folger, one of the Senators of the State, and of very considerable scientifick attainments. Another object, which deserves attention, is a clock con- stuticted by Mr. Walter Folger, and of which the follow- ing is a description in his own words : The clock, be- side what is usual in clocks, exhibits the rising and setting of the sun, which is represented by a flat plate moving be- hind the dial plate: the dial is open so far as to admit the suns being seen as long as it is above the horizon in bat. 41~ 16. There are sliding plates, that close the opening on each side, and serve as an horizon: their motions are so regulated, as to cause the sun to make his appearance at the time he does in the heavens every day in the year, and set at the time the sun should set. The moon is re- presented by a silver ball, one half of which is made black it appears, is seen, an(l disappears behind the dial in the same manner the sun does, rising at the time the moon does in the heavens, an(l setting at the time the moon sets. The moon turns on its axis once in a lunation, and by that means appears with all the different phases the moon appears with. The motion given to the hon- zons, that regulate the rising and setting of the mimoon, is more complicated than that of the sun. It takes the time of eighteen years and two hundred and twenty-five days to perform a revolution of one of the wheels, which is con- tinually in motion. The date of the year is shown by the clock : the date changes on the first day of the year : one wheel for the purpose of showing it will take a hundred years to turn once round. The motion of that wheel is not a continued motion, but rests for the space of ten years. The time the sun rose and set may be seen by 1815.] Massachusetts Historical & ciely. I i~j the clock at any time of the day ; also the suns declina- tion and place in the ecliptick ; and the moons (leclina- tion. We also extract a part of the writers account of the In- dians, who originally possessed this Island. At the 1)W~ this was written, there were but two Indian men and six wo- men left on the island, though the population was very coi - siderable when it was first visited by the whites. When the En4ish first came to Nantucket, it was well inhabited by Indians. There were two tribes on ihe island, one at the west, and the other at the ea. t end. The western tribe is supposed to have found its way thilher from the Main, by the way of NI rthas Vineyard, Muske- get, and Tuckanuck Islands. The eastern tribe proba- bly came directly across the Sound, which it might be in- duced to do, as in particular states of the air, Nantucket is visible from the southern shore of the county of Bainsta- ble. But there was a tradition or fable among them, that an ea~le having seized and carried off in his talons a papoos, the parents followed him in their canoe till they came to Nantucket, where they found the bones of their child dropped by the eagle. The Indians of Nantucket were a people ~ ho were des- titute of most of the arts of life. They were acquainted with roasting, but not with boiling. Though they had all the materials on the shore; yet they could not, like the Narragansets, coin wompompea~. They cultivated no plants, except maize, beans, squashes, and tob~ CCO. To each family was assigned a portion of land, equal to about a quarter of an acre, which they broke up as well as they could with the rude tools that they possessed, called in their language mattoks, assisting each other in a very friendly manner. They could now and then 1i11 a bird and there were a few deer goat skins, but not the animal itself, were found by the English on the island. Fish could be obtained in the harbours, and on the coast ; and shell fish were abundant. During the winter, however, they frequently suffered the extremities of fimine. Their clothes were sometimes skins, but for the most part coarse mats, made of grass. * Mr. Alden, in his Memorabilia cf Yarmouth, gives an Indian fa- ble, which (lifters somewhat from this. See Coil, of IJi~t. Soc. V. b(. 1st. Series. Vol. It. No. 4. 16 122 Collect ions of 1.. ttlov. The two tribes won hostile to each other. Tradition has preserved a pleasing instance of the force of love. Tho western tribe having determined to surprise sad attack the eastern tribe, a young man of the former, whose mistress belonged to the latter, being anxious for her safety, as soon as he was concealed by the shades of night, ran to the beach, flew along the shore below the limit of high water,saw his mistress a moment, gave her the alarm, sad returned by the same route before day-break: the rising tide wash- ed away the traces of his feet. The nest morning he ac- companied the other warriours of the tribe to the attack: the enemy was found prepared; and no impression could be made on them. lie remained undetected, thU several years after peace being restored between the two tribes, and the young man having married the girl, the truth came to light. The fifth paper in this volume is a description of Dukes County containing much minute detail, which serves the purpose of these collections by accumulating materials for hisory. We select from it a single passage, both for its mention of the oldest vestige of the European emigrants in this part of the Continent and also for the romantick sad secure spot they selected. In describing the Elizabeth islands, the writer makes the following remarks on one of them. Outtyhunk has clifib of clay, which are continually breaking down, and of consequence the island is diminish- ing. The other Elizabeth Islsads are alao wasting gradu- ally. At the west end, on the north side, is a pond of fresh water, three quarters of a mile in length, in the middle of its breadth, near the west end, is a rocky islet, containing near an acre of ground.* On this islet Dr. Belkuap, in 1797, had the satisfaction of finding the cellar of a store house, which was built by Gosnold, when he discovered the Elizabeth Islands in 1602. It is a vestige of the first work performed by Europeans on the New- England shores. Here they first penetrated the earth; here the first edifice was erected. Only two ceutunes have passed away; and from this humble beginning have arisen cities, numerous, large, and fair, in which are enjoy- ed all the refined delights of civilized life. The auth article is a return of the number of slaves in Massachiwetta in 1764, copied from the returns in the Sc. * Jielkuaps Blq. U. 114. I ~ 1 ~j iifassachuselis Historical society. 123 cretary of States office ; some towns are wanting, but the whole number given in w s 2713. The Slate probably contained about three thousand. This may serve to en- Courage those states, who still hold afew slaves, and who can alie~e none of the reasons for it, that are assigned by the southern stales, to imitate our example, and free Iheni- selves froni this blot on their institutions. There is a very copious account of Plymouth ; one of the most interesting towns in the history of Massachusetts, the place of the first landing of the forefathers of New-Eng- land. We shall extract from an anecdote, respecting the rock on which they landed. Forefuthers Rock. The face of this rock was, in the year 1775, taken from its original bed, and placed by the side of a liberty pole, which at that time was erected near the Court House, and where the rock still remains. The base of the rock yet continues, in open view, in its original sit nation, at the head of the lon~est wharf in Ply mouth, built on the precise spot which uniform tradition assigns as its scite. There is a tradition, as to the person who first leaped upon this rock, when the families came on shore, Dec. 11, 1620 it is said to have been a young woman, Mary Chilton.* This information comes from a source so correct, as induces us to admit it ; and it is a very probable circumstance, from the natural impatience in a young person, or any one, after a long confine inent on ship board, to reach the land, and to escape from the * crowded boat. We leave it therefore, as we find it, in the hands of history, and the fine arts. In the description of Kingston, which follows that of Plymouth, there is a repartee to an illiberal remark of the famous Whit~ieid, that is worth transcribing. * Among tlio~e who cam. in the May Flower, were, Richard Chil~ ton, (who died the first winter) Mary and Susanna Chilton. Mary, it is said, married Ar. John Winslow and Susanna, Mr. Latham. The descendants of 7Vmr Winslow are in Boston; and of Mr. La- tham, in Brid es~at 1 he traditron, we have reason to believe, is in both families We aic disposed, however, to ~eneralise the anec- dote. The first geneiatiou doubtless knew who came on shore in the first boats; the second generation related it with less identity ; the third and tburth with tilt less ; like the stone thrown on the calm lake, the circles well (lefined at first, become fainter as they recede. For the purposes ot the arts, however, a fewale figure, typical of faith, hope, ~snd chuilv is well adapted. 124 (Jelled ion. of II.. tflov. In a company of gentlemen, where Father Flynt, who was a preacher, and many years a tutor at Cambridge, was present, Mr. Whitfield said: It is my opinion, that Dr. Tillotson is now in hell (or his heresy. Father Flynt replied, It is my opinion, that you will not meet hint there. The Society have continued in this volume the republi- cation of a curious book now very scarce, published in 1833, written by Mr. Johnson of Woburn, it is called Wonder-working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England, and contains many facts relating to the charac- ters and events of that period. The part contained in the present volume principally relates to the first gathering of the churches, and to a description of their pastors ; every character is given in rhyme, as well as in p rose. The verses are of the school of Steruhold and Hopkins, but, though lost on common readers, would be a pearl to the Antiquary. There is also a private letter from an officer, Major Savage, who comman6ed one of the Regiments in the expedition of Sir W. Phippa against Quebec; this let- ter which had become extremely scarce, affords some in- teresting kcts relating to that expedition. The only piece of Biography is the life, or as it is called by the anthor Notices of General Lincoln; it is written with plainness and without pretension, and bears marks of an able hand. General Lincoln was one of the patriots and heroes of the revolution, whom we have always regard- ed with peculiar veneration and respect. There was a calm dignity in his manner, a graceful mildness in his de- meanour, blended with steady firmness and cool intrepidity in his disposition, that softened and ennobled all the harsh and ferocious characteristicks of his profession. We have seldom seen a man in any country, who had more the ap- pearante of the gentleman, whopossessed more of the spot- less integrity and genuine honour, that commands such high respect tbr military men, when combined with the other re- quisites of a soldier. We shall extract the conclusion of this memoir. ~ In General Lincolns character, strength and softness, the estimable and amiable qualities were happily blended. His mind was quick and active, yet discriminating and sound. He displayed a fund of thought and information, derived from select, though limited reading, from careful observation of men and things, from habits of thinking, 1815J Mosaacheeett. Hieterical Society. 195 and from conversation. A degree of enthusiasm, or cx- allation of feeling upon the objects of his pursuit, belonged to his temperament, but it was under the control of good sense and sober dews. He was patient and cool in de- liberation ; in execution, prompt and vigorous. A real and effective, but not tory or ustling energy pertained to his character. His vfrtues maintained their proper bounds and were weil tempered together. He was conspicuous for plain, strict, infle~bIe integrity, united huwever with prudence, candour, a liberal and compassionate disposi- lion. He had, it was said, by constitution, strong ease sions, but they were so disciplined by reason and religion, and qualified and counteracted by good sentiments and generous feelings, that they never betrayed him into any extravagance, nor suffered him to give way to any im- pulse of anger. His composure and self possession, his exemption from any apparent weakness or fofly, his uniform discretion and integrity made him revered, whilst the goodness of his disposition, dud his frank and cordial man- ners, engaged affectionate regard. He knew how to ex- ercise command without exciting aversion. Paying defer. ence to the rights and feelings of others, whether present or absent, his own were not likely to aufer injury or in- sult. He made no extraordinary demands of attention, but had an exact perception of propriety in intercourse. By an expressive look, which was understood, by an anecd?te, by pleasant irony, or more directly, he was sure to notice and to repress any symptoms of impertinence or rudeness which any might show in his presence. He was always an early riser, temperate in his habits, frugal without parsimony, diligent and methodical in his business, and a le to do much without inconvenience or hurry. The qualities and habits mentioned, with a ra-. tional religious faith and sincere piEty, would naturally be attended by ease and health of heart. Gen. Lincoln was habitually cheerful, and was accustomed to look on the bright side of objects. He was tender, but not given to indulging the wail of sensibility, or a spirit of repining and discontent. He believed in the great ereponderance of good in the human condition; often mentioning particular- ly the resources ano comforts accommodated to the suc- cessive periods of life, as affording proofs of the goodness of the Crestor. He thought gr~titude, acquiescence and hop. a tribute, at all times due to a wise and benevolent I ~~/ I (JiLecI ons of Ike L~Nox. Providence. He as called to ercounter adversity in different forms ; some of which were of a nature to dis hearten an ordinary nmi ; but his fort ito .e and equanimity never forsook him, and he aiways maintained an erect at- titude. As a military commander, he was judicious, brave, de- termined, indefatigable. His distinguished merit in this character was never denied ; whilst all have not agreed in opinion upon some of his plans in the southern corn- mand. Being a soldier of the revolution, he had to antici- pate the effect of experience, and might commit mistakes. He was surrounded by difficulties he met extraordinary disappointments in his calculations upon supplies and suc- coors. In the principal instances which issued unfortu- nately, the storming of Savannah and the siege ot Charles- ton, he had but a choice of evils ; and which ever way he deciced, the course rejected would have seemed, to many persons, more eligible. He had true courage without rashness. His calmness in danger seemed like uncon- tern ; but he affirmed that he never was e posed, without feeling deeply interested for his own life and the lives of others. At the siege of Savannah, the Biitish commander, Gen. Fexost, when he had determined to defend the place and ~ pprehended a storm by the sie~ers, requested the corn- [nanding generals of the allied army to suffer him to send out of Sava1 ii h the women and children. The refusal of this request has been condemned as inhuman by an English historian of the war,* and as unaccountable by an American x~iiter of the southern carnpaigns.~ The generals consid- ered the British commander, under the circumstances, as responsible, and had strong military reasons for the refu- sal. They were so situated in respect to time, that they must succeed soon, or not at all ; and they doubtless were couhdent of carrying the place. The answer of the British commanders request inti iates the grounds of re- fusal.I * Stedman. -f Cien. H. Lee. Sir. Camp btfo e Savannah, Oct. (3. 1779. We ar~. persuad d that your cxc Ilency knows all that your duty prescribes perhaps your zeal has already mt rfered with your ~ud~ment. The Count dF~Aain~, in his own name, notitied to you, that you would be persona1lv and a~oi~e responsible for the conse- ounces of your obs~inaey. Tlu~ time, which you informed him in the commencement of the sie~e would be necessary for the arrange- 1815.j Massachusetts Historical & ciety. 127 In civil functions of a publick nature, such as the office of Licut. Governour, magistrate, and member of the legis- lature or other political bodies, he took the plain way of probity and patriotism, not despising popular favour, but never pursuing it as an end, and never thin~ino it an equi- valent for the sacrifice of principle. By the change of political parties in the Commonwealth, his agency in sup- portin~ the laws and suppressing the insurrection came, at one time, to be considered as demerit, and the offi e of Lieut. Governour, when held by him, was, by thi. sinister influence, deprived of the limited salary, which the second magistrate of the state had always before received. General Lincoln was a federalist of the Washinoton school. From 1801, the party, which had opposed Inc federal administration, held the supreme po ~er Li tie general government. He experienced the benefit of his weight of ch~racter, and the sense CdtCrh med by the community of his publick ser Ices, in being ~uif~red to retain his office of collector. Religion exerted its full influence over the mind and conduct of General Lincoln. He was a christi ii of the antisectarian, catholic, or libe.al sect. He was firm in his faith, serious and affectionate in his piety, without superstition, fanaticism or austerity. He was from early manhood a communicant, and for a great part of his life a deacon of the church. He never shunned an avowal of his belief; nor feared to appear what he was, nor per- mitted the reality of his convictions to remain in doubt. But avoiding ostentation and bitterness, thinking the cx- cellence of the tree more apparent in the fruit than the leaves, and being a good man, the best proof of being a good christian, he was able to reconcile fidelity to his religion with the spirited and graceful exercise of his mili- tary functions and all the offices of civil and social life. inent of articles, including the different orders of men in your town, had no other object than that of receiving succour. Such conduct, Sir, is sufficient to forbid every intercourse between us, which might occasion the least loss of time; besides, in the present application, latent reasons may again exist; there are military ones, which, in frequent instances, have prevented the indulgence you request. It is with re~ret that we yield to the austerity of our functions; and we deplore the fate of those persons, who will be the victims of your conduct. ~n(l the delusion which appears to prevail in your mind. 128 Collections qf the Massctehusetls, & c. [Nov. A.midst the licence so common in armies, no profane expression or irreverent sally escaped his lips; and no stain came upon the purity of his life. The person and air of Ueneral Lincoln betokened his military vocation. He was of middle height, and erect, broad chested, muscular, in his latter years corpulent, with open, intelligent features, a venerable and benign asp2et. His rnanner~ were easy and unaffected, but cour- teous and polite. I-Ic delighted in children, and made himself lovea by them. Lie admitted young persons of me~it to his intimacy ; let them into his sentiments on in teresting subjects, and was forward to aid their reputa- lion and advarwement in the world. He had a high relish for the pleasures of conversation, in which he bore his part without tediousness or prolixity, with good sense, delicate raillery, well timed anecdote, and always a moral vein. He was a constant and zealous friend. If his judgment was ever surprised by his feelings, it was when he was requested to take pecuniary responsibilities for an old companion in arms, which subjected him to much temporary inconvenience, though not great ultimate loss. His honse was the seat of real hospitality. The acces- sion to his income, during the last twenty years of his life, was applied to a decent provision for his advancing age, to the increase of his charities, and to the benefit of his numerous .family. lie twice made a distribution of considerable sums among bis children. As they had good habits, and knew the use of property, he thought it unne- cessary to leave their claims upon his estate to be chiefly or wholly answered by his executor. He lived in great conjugal happiness with the wife of his youth more than fifty five years, and had sons and daughters, in whom, and in their descendants, he fouiid the greatest solace. He saw his children established chiefly in his town or in neighbouring places. His eldest son, a lawyer of rising reputation in Boston, died much lamented at twenty eight years of age. In these domestick relations, General Lincoln was (listinguished by his accu- rate and a~fIiable discharge of every duty. Ma the principles and virtues of such men as General Lincoln be exemplified in successive generations in our country, that the blessings purchased by the wisdom and valour of the fathers may be inherited by the children to the latest time. p. c. 1815.] Latin Ctassicks. 12~ At the conclusion of the book is given a correspondence res9ectin~ Hi~bards Ms. History, which we only notice to I ~ do away the inpression which seens to be entertained, that the inperfect sheets may be recovered from Dr. Oliver; accident made us acquainted ivi~h the circumstances of the correspondence. As for Dr. Ohver, his letter requires no Co n oem, it furnishes a very correct idea, of what kind of persou he is, but the society appear to think that he has the Ms. T~iis is not the case ; when he found such a thing was inquired for, he immediately wrote to Me. [Lutchinson, a son of the late Governor Hutchinson, hoping he might have the Nb. and desirous of getting it into his possession when he coilJ not succeed in this, pretending to have it, he wrote the precious epistle here published. ill. TtUi Cieeronis opera onma, ex rerens~one nov~ ~irna 1c. Aup~ ~t IFJrne~ti, cun eju~den notis et dare tJirero fl;Th!a. i litc prun~t Americana Tmn. 8. Bostoniae. Wells et 1411y. XVe have hitherto neglected, what was from the first our wish and intention, the saying a few words in favour of the undertaking of our publishers, to give a complete edition of the ancient classicks, if sufficient atronage could be obtained for this important enterprise. They commenced with the wor~s of Cicero, of which the volume at the head of this article has been recently published. T~iose who knew how perfectly M:. Wells was qualified for the task, anticipated the correctness ~vith which it has been thus far executed. T te e(lition, without any useless luxury of ornament, com- bines neatness, convenience and beauty. Among the nu- merous editions of Cicero, this which has been selected, is universally ad!niUed to be one of the most accurate and com- plete; prepared by one of the latest, as well as one of the ab!est, of the commentators who have profitted~ with the ~reat- est care and fidelity, by all that was valuable in the annotations of previous editos. All who have examined the previous volumes agree, that this American edition is not surpassed in accuracy by any of those of Europe. Persons who wish to make a present to a young man in who~ti they take an intere. ~, can offer no boo~ more valuable than Cicero. There is no author whose whole works may Vol. Ii. No~ I. iT

1815.] Latin Ctassicks. 12~ At the conclusion of the book is given a correspondence res9ectin~ Hi~bards Ms. History, which we only notice to I ~ do away the inpression which seens to be entertained, that the inperfect sheets may be recovered from Dr. Oliver; accident made us acquainted ivi~h the circumstances of the correspondence. As for Dr. Ohver, his letter requires no Co n oem, it furnishes a very correct idea, of what kind of persou he is, but the society appear to think that he has the Ms. T~iis is not the case ; when he found such a thing was inquired for, he immediately wrote to Me. [Lutchinson, a son of the late Governor Hutchinson, hoping he might have the Nb. and desirous of getting it into his possession when he coilJ not succeed in this, pretending to have it, he wrote the precious epistle here published. ill. TtUi Cieeronis opera onma, ex rerens~one nov~ ~irna 1c. Aup~ ~t IFJrne~ti, cun eju~den notis et dare tJirero fl;Th!a. i litc prun~t Americana Tmn. 8. Bostoniae. Wells et 1411y. XVe have hitherto neglected, what was from the first our wish and intention, the saying a few words in favour of the undertaking of our publishers, to give a complete edition of the ancient classicks, if sufficient atronage could be obtained for this important enterprise. They commenced with the wor~s of Cicero, of which the volume at the head of this article has been recently published. T~iose who knew how perfectly M:. Wells was qualified for the task, anticipated the correctness ~vith which it has been thus far executed. T te e(lition, without any useless luxury of ornament, com- bines neatness, convenience and beauty. Among the nu- merous editions of Cicero, this which has been selected, is universally ad!niUed to be one of the most accurate and com- plete; prepared by one of the latest, as well as one of the ab!est, of the commentators who have profitted~ with the ~reat- est care and fidelity, by all that was valuable in the annotations of previous editos. All who have examined the previous volumes agree, that this American edition is not surpassed in accuracy by any of those of Europe. Persons who wish to make a present to a young man in who~ti they take an intere. ~, can offer no boo~ more valuable than Cicero. There is no author whose whole works may Vol. Ii. No~ I. iT 130 Latin & 1a.s~icks. LNov~ be so safely enirus ted to youth and innoceace. They contain no wild metaphysicks to pervert his mind, or licentious sen- timents to corrupt his morals. Money can never be lost, invested in this great classick. his works will always pos- sess a standard value. There is another circumstance, that will have some wei~ht with those who are versed in the mysteries of bibliorraphy ; the edition is not a lar~e one, and a COI)Y of the first American edition will hereafter pos- sess a peculiar value. To dwell upon the merits of Cicero, at this period, would inleed be preposterous ; it would be exposing ourselves to receive the answer given to the old Greek Sophist for his eulogy on Hercules, who ever thought of blaming him? But we cannot refrain from remarking, how stro ugly he ought to excite the admiration and reverence, of all the lovers uf freedom and republican governments. He, beyond all other great characters of antiquity, deserves the homage of virtu- ous and enlightened freemen. He, of all others, is the model which should be taken, to excite the emulatioa of talents, patriotism, and virtuous ambition. There is no other who may so s aicly he held up to the imitation of young men of liberal education, who are destined to pursue a course of publick speaking and political life. his legal science and skill, his eloquence, his sound principles of potiticks, philoso- phy a n(l morality, were acknowledbed by his contemporaries, and will be reverenced by all succeeding ages, so long as learn- in.~ anrl virtue shall have any votaries on earth. High as his fame was elevated, it yet remains unshaken. It was a solid fabrick and has supported the laurels which adorn it. Before the tribunals of justice he was the protector of inno- cence, the veuger of the injured, the dread of traitoms, and the scourge of profligate tyrants in power. He governed the councils of the rei ublick at the height of its splendour and prosperity, and when it fell a prey to faction and conspiracy, he resi~ned his head without resistance to the executioner. From his days to our own, no ~overnment has ever existed, where this iflustrious man could have pursued the same course, or held the same rank. Under our institutions, should the same combinat ion of virtue and talents again ap- pear, after a lapse ef two thousand years, it may follow the same exalted destiny, from the bar to the senate, from the senate to the chief magistracy. Should such a man ever again exist, may his own fate and that of his country be more an spi cio us. YeleoroloQfical Jotirnatc. METEOROLOGICAL JOURNALS. CAMJ;uDGL~, ~v PROFESSOR FARRAR. AU(~UTST, ~3~5, BarouieP2 TI!evrncmefer. Fa .e cf Sky. Wiqd~. I ~ j ~ I ~ ~ c~l o~, ~- ~ I -~ ~ 29.73 29.92 29.91 29.93 29.89 29.89 30.04 30.15 88.17 30.11 29.97 30.12 30.01 29.95 29.97 30.06 30.01 30.15 30.02 29.99 29.97 30 09 30.09 30.11 30.04 30.02 30.94 ~0 99 39.14 30.15 29.93 29.91 29.93 29.95 29.92 29.74 29.99 30.03 30.16 30.13 30.02 :;o.oo 33.11 30.01 29.94 30.04 29.94 30.11 30.17 20.00 29.94 29.98 30.02 30.11 30.06 30.04 30.01 30.12 30.26 30.25 30.12 2~~.99 78 62 57 53 6.5 .57 54 63 62 62 62 63 58 62 62 64 64 64 70 65 62 62 62 63 62 t.r- 64 60 64 68 67 90 78 74 76 72 71 78 75 74 70 70 76 64 73 ~83 73 70 72 75 68 69 08 137 71 67 81 82 73 78 90 6:3 63 66 57 64 63 58 65 63 56 63 60 61 62 62 67 65 63 65 66 65 63 60 62 62 60 70 62 84 65 71 68 Clo. Fair Fair Fair Lb. I Clo. Fair I Fair Lb. Cf0 Lb. Cbo. fib. Lb. Cbo. Lb. Lb. Cbo. Cbo. Cbo. CIo. Lb. Lb. I Lb. I Cbo. Lb. Fair Clo. Fair Fair Fair Fair Clo. Fair Fair Cbo. Fair Fair Lb. lair Lb. Cbo. Lb. Lb. aT Cbo. Cbo. Lb. Cbo. Lb. Lb. Gb. Lb. Clo. fib. Cbo. Fair Fair Fair Fair Lb. Fair 30.31 30.22 1 30.28 78 90 ( 71 Greatest. 30.035 30.024 30.0.t4 3277~73.53~83 45 I~1ean. 29.71 29.69 29.71 53 64 56 Least. V. N.W. N.W.2 N.W.1 s.W. N.W.2 N. N.1 E. S.E. 1 N.1 N.E.2 F. W.1 s,W. N. E. N.E. N. N. N.E. N.E. F. N.L.1 8.W. NW. IST F. lv. N.E.3 o~ver on the 1st, P. 1W. on ~h 3d, A. 28.; OIi the .dh, A. 1W. on he 11th. 1~. }1. on i 1. P. .4. to 11w 20th, P. Al. and a ~r ~ rani. l~roi. {Kh LQ ~h h4h. Whole quantity oC jam onr~nt~ the suonih, 5.32 iijcw5. 1~J5.j 131 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 13 14 iS 16 17 18 13 29 21 22 24 25 26 27 23 29 39 31 29.85 29.94 29.95 29.97 29.81 29.71 30.07 30. 14 30.16 30.15 30.00 39.14 3003 29.99 30.00 .~o.os 2993 30.19 30.02 3000 29.98 29.99 30.08 30.11 30.03 30.06 3018 30.31 30.20 30.02 N V .1 SIT ~\ WI F I IV. V El N XV, S NF2 N.1 W.1 N. F. N. W. N.E. N.E N.E. E.2 N.E. W. XV. F. lv. S.. N.E.2

YeleoroloQfical Jotirnatc. METEOROLOGICAL JOURNALS. CAMJ;uDGL~, ~v PROFESSOR FARRAR. AU(~UTST, ~3~5, BarouieP2 TI!evrncmefer. Fa .e cf Sky. Wiqd~. I ~ j ~ I ~ ~ c~l o~, ~- ~ I -~ ~ 29.73 29.92 29.91 29.93 29.89 29.89 30.04 30.15 88.17 30.11 29.97 30.12 30.01 29.95 29.97 30.06 30.01 30.15 30.02 29.99 29.97 30 09 30.09 30.11 30.04 30.02 30.94 ~0 99 39.14 30.15 29.93 29.91 29.93 29.95 29.92 29.74 29.99 30.03 30.16 30.13 30.02 :;o.oo 33.11 30.01 29.94 30.04 29.94 30.11 30.17 20.00 29.94 29.98 30.02 30.11 30.06 30.04 30.01 30.12 30.26 30.25 30.12 2~~.99 78 62 57 53 6.5 .57 54 63 62 62 62 63 58 62 62 64 64 64 70 65 62 62 62 63 62 t.r- 64 60 64 68 67 90 78 74 76 72 71 78 75 74 70 70 76 64 73 ~83 73 70 72 75 68 69 08 137 71 67 81 82 73 78 90 6:3 63 66 57 64 63 58 65 63 56 63 60 61 62 62 67 65 63 65 66 65 63 60 62 62 60 70 62 84 65 71 68 Clo. Fair Fair Fair Lb. I Clo. Fair I Fair Lb. Cf0 Lb. Cbo. fib. Lb. Cbo. Lb. Lb. Cbo. Cbo. Cbo. CIo. Lb. Lb. I Lb. I Cbo. Lb. Fair Clo. Fair Fair Fair Fair Clo. Fair Fair Cbo. Fair Fair Lb. lair Lb. Cbo. Lb. Lb. aT Cbo. Cbo. Lb. Cbo. Lb. Lb. Gb. Lb. Clo. fib. Cbo. Fair Fair Fair Fair Lb. Fair 30.31 30.22 1 30.28 78 90 ( 71 Greatest. 30.035 30.024 30.0.t4 3277~73.53~83 45 I~1ean. 29.71 29.69 29.71 53 64 56 Least. V. N.W. N.W.2 N.W.1 s.W. N.W.2 N. N.1 E. S.E. 1 N.1 N.E.2 F. W.1 s,W. N. E. N.E. N. N. N.E. N.E. F. N.L.1 8.W. NW. IST F. lv. N.E.3 o~ver on the 1st, P. 1W. on ~h 3d, A. 28.; OIi the .dh, A. 1W. on he 11th. 1~. }1. on i 1. P. .4. to 11w 20th, P. Al. and a ~r ~ rani. l~roi. {Kh LQ ~h h4h. Whole quantity oC jam onr~nt~ the suonih, 5.32 iijcw5. 1~J5.j 131 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 13 14 iS 16 17 18 13 29 21 22 24 25 26 27 23 29 39 31 29.85 29.94 29.95 29.97 29.81 29.71 30.07 30. 14 30.16 30.15 30.00 39.14 3003 29.99 30.00 .~o.os 2993 30.19 30.02 3000 29.98 29.99 30.08 30.11 30.03 30.06 3018 30.31 30.20 30.02 N V .1 SIT ~\ WI F I IV. V El N XV, S NF2 N.1 W.1 N. F. N. W. N.E. N.E N.E. E.2 N.E. W. XV. F. lv. S.. N.E.2 I 3~Z Meteorological Journals. SEPTEMBER, 1815. I 2 9 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Is 16 17 18 19 20 21 99 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Barometer. Thermometer. Face of Sky. I -z c~ i~- c~i c~. ~- ~ 39.20 30.17 30.07 30~9 30.34 29.37 29.93 30.23 30.37 30.21 30.10 30.14 30.04 30.01 29.89 29.50 29.78 29.78 30.20 30.36 30.41 30.46 29.95 30.03 30.22 30.22 30.14 30.38 30.23 20. 1.3 30.20 34)14 30.06 30.37 30.16 29.69 30.00 30.20 30.23 30.05 30.06 30.12 30.08 29.83 29.83 29.79 29.87 29.87 30.39 30.42 30.45 29.71 30.03 30.23 30.34 30.14 314.03 30.29 30.09 30.22 30.38 30.07 29.75 30.07 30.27 30.26 30.09 30.17 30.15 30.05 2~.80 29.83 29.88 30.07 30.30 30.42 30.44 30.39 29.90 30.11 30.20 30.11 ~0.26 30.25 30.10 :10.02 7 51 63 48 50 55 55 57 58 66 71 66 54 64 59 64 74 54 52 44 50 .50 53 51 49 52 56 37 48 53 68 52 78 63 78 55 79 1 48 56 5~ 57 .53 76 67 80 63 77 67 86 73 87 68 69 59 8~ 62 84 67 80 75 82 70 78 62 64 51 62 I 49 60 45 68 50 53 53 65 62 65 50 72 52 78 55 79 50 58 48 71 57 72 55 I air Clo. F air Clo. Clo. Fair Fair Clo. lair fair Clo. Clo. Clo. Fair Clo. Clo. Clo. Fair Fair Clo. Clo. Clo. Clo. Fair Fair Clo. Fair Fair Fair Fair Clo. Clo. Clo. lair Fair Fair Fair Fair Clo. Clo. Clo. Fair Clo. Clo. Clo. Clo. Fair Fair Clo. (un. Fair Clo. Fair Fair Clo. Clo. Fair Fair 30. ;6 .2L1.5 :30.44 7h 75 (irea~est. 30 22 30.091 30.121 59.4172.31.57.9 Mean. 29.50 29.69 29.75 J 45 Least. Winds. NW .3 \ .w s.w. N.E. F. N.E.1 w. w. F. s.w. s.w. E. N.E. s.w. N.W. S.F. w. N.W. N.E. NWT. N.E.l N.E. N.E.3 W .2 w. w. N. N.1 N. N.W. w. ~AV. N.W. F. N.E.l N .W. w. w. V. S. W. N.E. N. N. s.Wr, s.w, s.w. S.F. N.W. W.2 S.E. N.E. N .F.2 w. w. w. N.2 V. S.w, w. A shower on the 3d, in the morning; on the 11th. P. 3W.; on the 12th. P. M. ; on the 14th, P. M. ; on the 17th, P. M. ; on the 18th, heavy rain duriu~ the ni4t ; on the 22d. rain through the day. Whole quantity of ran, 4.86 inches. On the 28th, early in the evening, an aurora horealis. It rested as usnal upon a regular arch of a dark cloudy aspect, rising ten or fifteen de~rees from the horizon, and extending fifty or sixty degrees each way from the jaa~netick north. Jiere were afew pe peedetar stream- er, hTa~.de the steezdq equable lighT over the arch, that sometimes shot. up ~xventy or thirty degreec, with a sort of twinkling, intermi tent hght. It died away ~r dually, and disappeared ahout 11 oclock Staru were visible through the cloudy arch at the bottom. cc 04-4- 100000000 -~ 0 ~ 0 to .~ too 0 t~. ccC.~~.1KI cct~to ~ a ~ / 30 A. 2w 9 ~- I~-~o~ ~ 0 ~- Ic~ -~ o H. ~ z 1 P iVI. iJ 1t1i[ltJLcs fLi uiwct. Vt txiiiiuill 0 toid. s:i itXiUIIlIfl & & & of heat. O~ ~OO~O ~O)0O~0 0~ 7 30A M. 00~zcc~oo~oocoo OOcccccc-accoo ~ 4-; ~ IP M. cC C~0.0z0cCc0ocCcccccoozcccc~ zc0oc~zo cco-i-aao 4-0o~30occa~0- ~ toocctototototototototo totototoOto~to~j.~ ~ hminutes cc cC00oOOcC0~Occccoo 00-3 0000 ~0C0 ~-1-1 -a--] Etttersurisel t 0a4-04-0c~000-a0cc -cccc~cccc~-oo~o ixoc ~ Z~ZZ Z~JJ2~~Z& ~ c~ ~ ~ 7 30 ~ M. ~J2 ~ Ti~f CI~f2 ~I TJ2t Ze lbniinutes Jjj) ~ ~ ~3~0 ~ 4- ~ otet ~un~et. 0 0. 0- 00.0. 0 0 0. ~ .~ -~ -~~ . .~ __ -, .~ ~ ]5rninutct~ after~ set.~~ z -~ ~ 0 0 0 ~ 0 . tt 0 03 ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 Co 434 & ptaber Stem. (Nov. CAMBRIDGE. The terrible storm on the 23d of this month, was very severely felt In this place. The wind was east In the morning, ad pretty strong. Bnween 9 and 10 oclock in the forenoon It shifted to the sooth-east, ad afterwards to the south. it appears to have been most violent about the time of Its changing, both before ad after, for chimneys were blown both to the wet ad north, but shingles ad slates, that were torn from the roofs of buildings, were carried to the greatest distance in the direction of about three points west of north. The greatest destruction took place hetween half past 10 ad half past 11, the wind varying from sooth-east to south, and being at the sue time more ad less violent alternately. The rain ceased about the time the wind changed. A clear sky was visible in my places, during the greatest violence of the tempest, andclouds might be seen moving very rapidly in the direction of the wind. The air had an unu- sual appearance. It was somewhat darkened by the ezeessive agitation, ad filled with the leaves of trees ad other light sub- stances raised from the ground, which were whirled about in eddies Instead of being driven directly forward, as In a common storm. The river raged and foamed like the sea in a storm, ad the spray was raised to the height of fifty or sixty feet, in the form of thin white clouds, which were drifted along in a kind of waves, luke snow in a violent snow storm. Several persons in attempting to reach the river were driven back,when they came to an open place, by the force of the wind, and were obliged to mhke several efforts, before they mid overcome the violence of the pressure. It was impossible to stand still in a place exposed to the full force of the wind. Being abroad with several others, we were obliged to shelter owuelves behind some obstacle, or to keep moving about; and as we paused from one place to another, a we inclined our bodies towards the wind, asif we were ascending t. a steep hill. - it was with great difficulty, that we could heareach other speak at the distance of two or three yards. The wind pressed like a rapid current of water, and we moved about almost as aukwardly as those do, who attempt to wade in a strong tide. The barometer descended very fast all the morning, and at tht time the windwas highest had fallen shout half an Inch. It be- gan to rise as the wiud abated, ad recovered Its former elevation by the time the air was restored to Its usual tranquillity. f

434 & ptaber Stem. (Nov. CAMBRIDGE. The terrible storm on the 23d of this month, was very severely felt In this place. The wind was east In the morning, ad pretty strong. Bnween 9 and 10 oclock in the forenoon It shifted to the sooth-east, ad afterwards to the south. it appears to have been most violent about the time of Its changing, both before ad after, for chimneys were blown both to the wet ad north, but shingles ad slates, that were torn from the roofs of buildings, were carried to the greatest distance in the direction of about three points west of north. The greatest destruction took place hetween half past 10 ad half past 11, the wind varying from sooth-east to south, and being at the sue time more ad less violent alternately. The rain ceased about the time the wind changed. A clear sky was visible in my places, during the greatest violence of the tempest, andclouds might be seen moving very rapidly in the direction of the wind. The air had an unu- sual appearance. It was somewhat darkened by the ezeessive agitation, ad filled with the leaves of trees ad other light sub- stances raised from the ground, which were whirled about in eddies Instead of being driven directly forward, as In a common storm. The river raged and foamed like the sea in a storm, ad the spray was raised to the height of fifty or sixty feet, in the form of thin white clouds, which were drifted along in a kind of waves, luke snow in a violent snow storm. Several persons in attempting to reach the river were driven back,when they came to an open place, by the force of the wind, and were obliged to mhke several efforts, before they mid overcome the violence of the pressure. It was impossible to stand still in a place exposed to the full force of the wind. Being abroad with several others, we were obliged to shelter owuelves behind some obstacle, or to keep moving about; and as we paused from one place to another, a we inclined our bodies towards the wind, asif we were ascending t. a steep hill. - it was with great difficulty, that we could heareach other speak at the distance of two or three yards. The wind pressed like a rapid current of water, and we moved about almost as aukwardly as those do, who attempt to wade in a strong tide. The barometer descended very fast all the morning, and at tht time the windwas highest had fallen shout half an Inch. It be- gan to rise as the wiud abated, ad recovered Its former elevation by the time the air was restored to Its usual tranquillity. f 1815.1 ]Vliiscellaneous and Literary Intelligence. MISCELLANEOUS AND LITERARI INTELLIGENCE. HARVARD uNIVERSiTY. The late Hon. Isaac Royall, formerly of Medford, and at his decease of Kensington, Great Britain, by his will dated 1773, and a codicil 1779, bequeathed to the University certain lands, with power to sell them and apply the income of the capital ob- tained, towards endowing a Professorship of Law. The income, althou~h not sufficient for the maintenance of a resident pro- fessor, affording a compensation for a competent number of lec- tures in jurisprudence, considered as a part of general e(lucation, the Coruoration with the consent of the Overseers, have added to the institution a Professor of Law. He is styled the Royall Professor of Law, so long as the endowment by Mr. Royall shall constitute the largest part of the fund appropriated to this l)ro- fessorship, but may have another name if at any time hereafter his bequest should be exceeded by the benefaction of some other person. The lectures are to be given three or four times a week, he- tweeti the middle of March and May of each year, to the mem- bers of the senior class, to resident graduates, and to students of law, and others specially admitted. The Hon. Isaac Parker is appointed to this office, which he has accepted with the view of comnmencin~ the lectures the next season, it being a part of the year when the officki duties of the Chief Justice will not interfere with those of the Professor. We are happy that our educated young men are to be ~uided to a knowled~c of the general priIlcil)les of law, and their aupli- cation to our forms of civh and ecclesiastical polity under the aus:)ices of a civilian, so entirely the object of Ilublick confidence. The Rev. John Snelling Po~kin, D. 1). has entered upon th. office of College Professor of Greek, to give the whole instruc- tion to the classes in that department. He succeeds Mr. A~her Ware, late College Professor of Greek, who has resi~ned his office. Six students have Leen admitted into the soohomore class, and sixty four into that of the freshmen, since commencemenL. John C. XVarren, M. D. late adjunct professor, was r eently publickly inducted in the University Chapel, into the ofike of Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. Jacob Bige~ow, M. D. was announced as Lecturer on Materia Medica and Botany. And, ~ Walter Channing, M. D. as Lecturer on Midvif ry. * The lectures of the Medical Sehi 1 of the University, commence this month in Boston.

1815.1 ]Vliiscellaneous and Literary Intelligence. MISCELLANEOUS AND LITERARI INTELLIGENCE. HARVARD uNIVERSiTY. The late Hon. Isaac Royall, formerly of Medford, and at his decease of Kensington, Great Britain, by his will dated 1773, and a codicil 1779, bequeathed to the University certain lands, with power to sell them and apply the income of the capital ob- tained, towards endowing a Professorship of Law. The income, althou~h not sufficient for the maintenance of a resident pro- fessor, affording a compensation for a competent number of lec- tures in jurisprudence, considered as a part of general e(lucation, the Coruoration with the consent of the Overseers, have added to the institution a Professor of Law. He is styled the Royall Professor of Law, so long as the endowment by Mr. Royall shall constitute the largest part of the fund appropriated to this l)ro- fessorship, but may have another name if at any time hereafter his bequest should be exceeded by the benefaction of some other person. The lectures are to be given three or four times a week, he- tweeti the middle of March and May of each year, to the mem- bers of the senior class, to resident graduates, and to students of law, and others specially admitted. The Hon. Isaac Parker is appointed to this office, which he has accepted with the view of comnmencin~ the lectures the next season, it being a part of the year when the officki duties of the Chief Justice will not interfere with those of the Professor. We are happy that our educated young men are to be ~uided to a knowled~c of the general priIlcil)les of law, and their aupli- cation to our forms of civh and ecclesiastical polity under the aus:)ices of a civilian, so entirely the object of Ilublick confidence. The Rev. John Snelling Po~kin, D. 1). has entered upon th. office of College Professor of Greek, to give the whole instruc- tion to the classes in that department. He succeeds Mr. A~her Ware, late College Professor of Greek, who has resi~ned his office. Six students have Leen admitted into the soohomore class, and sixty four into that of the freshmen, since commencemenL. John C. XVarren, M. D. late adjunct professor, was r eently publickly inducted in the University Chapel, into the ofike of Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. Jacob Bige~ow, M. D. was announced as Lecturer on Materia Medica and Botany. And, ~ Walter Channing, M. D. as Lecturer on Midvif ry. * The lectures of the Medical Sehi 1 of the University, commence this month in Boston. 136 !iiiscellau eons and Literary [Nor. A complete new chemical apparatus, for the use of the Col- lege at Uam~ridge, procured in London by an agent, exoressly sent for the purpose, has been shipped and will be used in the lectures next sj)ring. A plan to raise a small fund for the commencement of an in- stitution for the promotion of the Fine Arts in this town, has been for some time past in agitation, an(l some steps towards commencing a su~scription, have been taken, which several gen- tlemen have promised to aid. Its further prosecution is post- pone(i for a short time. In the next number some ol-servations on the suV~ject will be given, and some mention of the art 1515, nOW living here, as well as of those ~ho are temporarily absent, and whose return xvoutd be certAa, if they could hope for that en- couragement, which an institution of this kind would greatly contribute to afford. The Agricultural Society of Connecticut have puhlshed an Alma nack for the use of farmers, which is said to to on cry improVe(l plan; and as every farmer purchises an A~mknack, much useful information is given to them in this way. XV e have not seen one of them, but, a work of this kind might certainly be ma(le of increas~d utility, and might be issued under the direction, or patronage, of the Agricultural Societies of other States. rfhe Cattle show, and exhibition of (lomestick manufactures at Pittsfield, L stated to have been very fally attended this sea- son, and to have afforded the most satisfkictory proofs of the me- lioration of our breeds of cattle and sheeu; and the improv ement of many branches of domestick manufectures. Exhibitions of this kind have greatly contributed to the present flourishing state of agriculture in England, and it would have the most Lenefejal effect to multiply them here. An annual show of this kind, in Boston or its nei~hbourhoo(, for the (listrilution of l?rem~~ms, would be attended with salutary effects, and is much wanted. Perhaps there m~ght he a(l(le(l to it, in some village in the neigh- hourhood, a Fair for the sale of fat cattle, as such numerous droves are brought here annually to be slaughtered. The militia reviews of this autumn, have heen extensive and satisfactory. The First Division, consisting of three Irigades, amounting in all to between five and six thousand men, were reviewed at Dedham. The Second bivision was Iso reviewed by brigades, at Bo~ford and Danvers, each brigade eonta~ning upwards of two thousand, The equipment wad discipline of the militia has greatly improved within a sbo~9 e ~od in this State. tthev are all well armed, all the officers, commissioned and non~

136 !iiiscellau eons and Literary [Nor. A complete new chemical apparatus, for the use of the Col- lege at Uam~ridge, procured in London by an agent, exoressly sent for the purpose, has been shipped and will be used in the lectures next sj)ring. A plan to raise a small fund for the commencement of an in- stitution for the promotion of the Fine Arts in this town, has been for some time past in agitation, an(l some steps towards commencing a su~scription, have been taken, which several gen- tlemen have promised to aid. Its further prosecution is post- pone(i for a short time. In the next number some ol-servations on the suV~ject will be given, and some mention of the art 1515, nOW living here, as well as of those ~ho are temporarily absent, and whose return xvoutd be certAa, if they could hope for that en- couragement, which an institution of this kind would greatly contribute to afford. The Agricultural Society of Connecticut have puhlshed an Alma nack for the use of farmers, which is said to to on cry improVe(l plan; and as every farmer purchises an A~mknack, much useful information is given to them in this way. XV e have not seen one of them, but, a work of this kind might certainly be ma(le of increas~d utility, and might be issued under the direction, or patronage, of the Agricultural Societies of other States. rfhe Cattle show, and exhibition of (lomestick manufactures at Pittsfield, L stated to have been very fally attended this sea- son, and to have afforded the most satisfkictory proofs of the me- lioration of our breeds of cattle and sheeu; and the improv ement of many branches of domestick manufectures. Exhibitions of this kind have greatly contributed to the present flourishing state of agriculture in England, and it would have the most Lenefejal effect to multiply them here. An annual show of this kind, in Boston or its nei~hbourhoo(, for the (listrilution of l?rem~~ms, would be attended with salutary effects, and is much wanted. Perhaps there m~ght he a(l(le(l to it, in some village in the neigh- hourhood, a Fair for the sale of fat cattle, as such numerous droves are brought here annually to be slaughtered. The militia reviews of this autumn, have heen extensive and satisfactory. The First Division, consisting of three Irigades, amounting in all to between five and six thousand men, were reviewed at Dedham. The Second bivision was Iso reviewed by brigades, at Bo~ford and Danvers, each brigade eonta~ning upwards of two thousand, The equipment wad discipline of the militia has greatly improved within a sbo~9 e ~od in this State. tthev are all well armed, all the officers, commissioned and non~

136 !iiiscellau eons and Literary [Nor. A complete new chemical apparatus, for the use of the Col- lege at Uam~ridge, procured in London by an agent, exoressly sent for the purpose, has been shipped and will be used in the lectures next sj)ring. A plan to raise a small fund for the commencement of an in- stitution for the promotion of the Fine Arts in this town, has been for some time past in agitation, an(l some steps towards commencing a su~scription, have been taken, which several gen- tlemen have promised to aid. Its further prosecution is post- pone(i for a short time. In the next number some ol-servations on the suV~ject will be given, and some mention of the art 1515, nOW living here, as well as of those ~ho are temporarily absent, and whose return xvoutd be certAa, if they could hope for that en- couragement, which an institution of this kind would greatly contribute to afford. The Agricultural Society of Connecticut have puhlshed an Alma nack for the use of farmers, which is said to to on cry improVe(l plan; and as every farmer purchises an A~mknack, much useful information is given to them in this way. XV e have not seen one of them, but, a work of this kind might certainly be ma(le of increas~d utility, and might be issued under the direction, or patronage, of the Agricultural Societies of other States. rfhe Cattle show, and exhibition of (lomestick manufactures at Pittsfield, L stated to have been very fally attended this sea- son, and to have afforded the most satisfkictory proofs of the me- lioration of our breeds of cattle and sheeu; and the improv ement of many branches of domestick manufectures. Exhibitions of this kind have greatly contributed to the present flourishing state of agriculture in England, and it would have the most Lenefejal effect to multiply them here. An annual show of this kind, in Boston or its nei~hbourhoo(, for the (listrilution of l?rem~~ms, would be attended with salutary effects, and is much wanted. Perhaps there m~ght he a(l(le(l to it, in some village in the neigh- hourhood, a Fair for the sale of fat cattle, as such numerous droves are brought here annually to be slaughtered. The militia reviews of this autumn, have heen extensive and satisfactory. The First Division, consisting of three Irigades, amounting in all to between five and six thousand men, were reviewed at Dedham. The Second bivision was Iso reviewed by brigades, at Bo~ford and Danvers, each brigade eonta~ning upwards of two thousand, The equipment wad discipline of the militia has greatly improved within a sbo~9 e ~od in this State. tthev are all well armed, all the officers, commissioned and non~

136 !iiiscellau eons and Literary [Nor. A complete new chemical apparatus, for the use of the Col- lege at Uam~ridge, procured in London by an agent, exoressly sent for the purpose, has been shipped and will be used in the lectures next sj)ring. A plan to raise a small fund for the commencement of an in- stitution for the promotion of the Fine Arts in this town, has been for some time past in agitation, an(l some steps towards commencing a su~scription, have been taken, which several gen- tlemen have promised to aid. Its further prosecution is post- pone(i for a short time. In the next number some ol-servations on the suV~ject will be given, and some mention of the art 1515, nOW living here, as well as of those ~ho are temporarily absent, and whose return xvoutd be certAa, if they could hope for that en- couragement, which an institution of this kind would greatly contribute to afford. The Agricultural Society of Connecticut have puhlshed an Alma nack for the use of farmers, which is said to to on cry improVe(l plan; and as every farmer purchises an A~mknack, much useful information is given to them in this way. XV e have not seen one of them, but, a work of this kind might certainly be ma(le of increas~d utility, and might be issued under the direction, or patronage, of the Agricultural Societies of other States. rfhe Cattle show, and exhibition of (lomestick manufactures at Pittsfield, L stated to have been very fally attended this sea- son, and to have afforded the most satisfkictory proofs of the me- lioration of our breeds of cattle and sheeu; and the improv ement of many branches of domestick manufectures. Exhibitions of this kind have greatly contributed to the present flourishing state of agriculture in England, and it would have the most Lenefejal effect to multiply them here. An annual show of this kind, in Boston or its nei~hbourhoo(, for the (listrilution of l?rem~~ms, would be attended with salutary effects, and is much wanted. Perhaps there m~ght he a(l(le(l to it, in some village in the neigh- hourhood, a Fair for the sale of fat cattle, as such numerous droves are brought here annually to be slaughtered. The militia reviews of this autumn, have heen extensive and satisfactory. The First Division, consisting of three Irigades, amounting in all to between five and six thousand men, were reviewed at Dedham. The Second bivision was Iso reviewed by brigades, at Bo~ford and Danvers, each brigade eonta~ning upwards of two thousand, The equipment wad discipline of the militia has greatly improved within a sbo~9 e ~od in this State. tthev are all well armed, all the officers, commissioned and non~

136 !iiiscellau eons and Literary [Nor. A complete new chemical apparatus, for the use of the Col- lege at Uam~ridge, procured in London by an agent, exoressly sent for the purpose, has been shipped and will be used in the lectures next sj)ring. A plan to raise a small fund for the commencement of an in- stitution for the promotion of the Fine Arts in this town, has been for some time past in agitation, an(l some steps towards commencing a su~scription, have been taken, which several gen- tlemen have promised to aid. Its further prosecution is post- pone(i for a short time. In the next number some ol-servations on the suV~ject will be given, and some mention of the art 1515, nOW living here, as well as of those ~ho are temporarily absent, and whose return xvoutd be certAa, if they could hope for that en- couragement, which an institution of this kind would greatly contribute to afford. The Agricultural Society of Connecticut have puhlshed an Alma nack for the use of farmers, which is said to to on cry improVe(l plan; and as every farmer purchises an A~mknack, much useful information is given to them in this way. XV e have not seen one of them, but, a work of this kind might certainly be ma(le of increas~d utility, and might be issued under the direction, or patronage, of the Agricultural Societies of other States. rfhe Cattle show, and exhibition of (lomestick manufactures at Pittsfield, L stated to have been very fally attended this sea- son, and to have afforded the most satisfkictory proofs of the me- lioration of our breeds of cattle and sheeu; and the improv ement of many branches of domestick manufectures. Exhibitions of this kind have greatly contributed to the present flourishing state of agriculture in England, and it would have the most Lenefejal effect to multiply them here. An annual show of this kind, in Boston or its nei~hbourhoo(, for the (listrilution of l?rem~~ms, would be attended with salutary effects, and is much wanted. Perhaps there m~ght he a(l(le(l to it, in some village in the neigh- hourhood, a Fair for the sale of fat cattle, as such numerous droves are brought here annually to be slaughtered. The militia reviews of this autumn, have heen extensive and satisfactory. The First Division, consisting of three Irigades, amounting in all to between five and six thousand men, were reviewed at Dedham. The Second bivision was Iso reviewed by brigades, at Bo~ford and Danvers, each brigade eonta~ning upwards of two thousand, The equipment wad discipline of the militia has greatly improved within a sbo~9 e ~od in this State. tthev are all well armed, all the officers, commissioned and non~ ISiS.] Inteliigqce. iS? commissioned, all the cavalry and artillery, and many of the In- fantry companies are in uniform. There are upwards of one hundred brass field pieces, with all the appendages complete, distributed among the different companies of artillery; and a greater degree of emulation exists in this Important branch of service than formerly. Proposals are issued for publishing the biography of the late Rev. John Murray, in one volume. General Wilkinson intends to publish memoirs of his own time, in three volumes. A collection of books recently Imported from Holland, will be sold at auction In Boston, on the 20th of December. Descrip- tive catalogues are ready to he issued. A more rare and valuable assortmentof books was never before exposed for sale in the Uni- ted States, and there are among these several, which it may he safelyaflirmed cannoth. found iu anylibraryin thecountry. There are some modern German and French authors, but the greater part are chosen editions of the ancient classicks, standard works in theology and criticism. Among them may be cited a splendid edition of Calvin in nine folio volumes, bound in vellum, acopy of the Byzantine historians, the most valuableedition of Bayle, his. & c. Among the criticks, are the works of BuxtoK Erasmus, Le Clerc, Lipsius, Hammond, Llghtfoot, Salmaslus, Schultens, Crel- lii., Scaliger, Socinus, Poole, Prsipcanlus, Father Simon, Dupin, (~arpuovius, Vitringa and Vosslus. An opportunity is offered to theologians, literary men, and college libraries, of obtaining In- valuable standard works, such as has never offered in this coun- try, and hut rarelyin Europe We shail not dwell on the value of these hooks, as those who are capable of appreciating them, will be able to judge of them by the catalogue which will be dis- tributed In season, In all our principal towns. *0013 RECENTLY PU3LISN3D IN ENGLAND. A volume of posthumous poetry of William Cowper, Esq. and a sketch of his life by the Rev. John Johnson.~ Travels through Poland, Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Tyrol, In 1807 and 1808, by Baron Uklanskl. vanrrnxe von runnoavior. Fragments of several orations of Cicero, with a commentary of Ascanius Vedianus, from original MSS. lately discovered ha the Ambroslan library at Milan. To be published under the dl- roctien of Mr. J. G. Jackson. * Mesurs Wells and Lilly have re-prInted this veIning. Vol. II. No. 4. 18

ISiS.] Inteliigqce. iS? commissioned, all the cavalry and artillery, and many of the In- fantry companies are in uniform. There are upwards of one hundred brass field pieces, with all the appendages complete, distributed among the different companies of artillery; and a greater degree of emulation exists in this Important branch of service than formerly. Proposals are issued for publishing the biography of the late Rev. John Murray, in one volume. General Wilkinson intends to publish memoirs of his own time, in three volumes. A collection of books recently Imported from Holland, will be sold at auction In Boston, on the 20th of December. Descrip- tive catalogues are ready to he issued. A more rare and valuable assortmentof books was never before exposed for sale in the Uni- ted States, and there are among these several, which it may he safelyaflirmed cannoth. found iu anylibraryin thecountry. There are some modern German and French authors, but the greater part are chosen editions of the ancient classicks, standard works in theology and criticism. Among them may be cited a splendid edition of Calvin in nine folio volumes, bound in vellum, acopy of the Byzantine historians, the most valuableedition of Bayle, his. & c. Among the criticks, are the works of BuxtoK Erasmus, Le Clerc, Lipsius, Hammond, Llghtfoot, Salmaslus, Schultens, Crel- lii., Scaliger, Socinus, Poole, Prsipcanlus, Father Simon, Dupin, (~arpuovius, Vitringa and Vosslus. An opportunity is offered to theologians, literary men, and college libraries, of obtaining In- valuable standard works, such as has never offered in this coun- try, and hut rarelyin Europe We shail not dwell on the value of these hooks, as those who are capable of appreciating them, will be able to judge of them by the catalogue which will be dis- tributed In season, In all our principal towns. *0013 RECENTLY PU3LISN3D IN ENGLAND. A volume of posthumous poetry of William Cowper, Esq. and a sketch of his life by the Rev. John Johnson.~ Travels through Poland, Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Tyrol, In 1807 and 1808, by Baron Uklanskl. vanrrnxe von runnoavior. Fragments of several orations of Cicero, with a commentary of Ascanius Vedianus, from original MSS. lately discovered ha the Ambroslan library at Milan. To be published under the dl- roctien of Mr. J. G. Jackson. * Mesurs Wells and Lilly have re-prInted this veIning. Vol. II. No. 4. 18

ISiS.] Inteliigqce. iS? commissioned, all the cavalry and artillery, and many of the In- fantry companies are in uniform. There are upwards of one hundred brass field pieces, with all the appendages complete, distributed among the different companies of artillery; and a greater degree of emulation exists in this Important branch of service than formerly. Proposals are issued for publishing the biography of the late Rev. John Murray, in one volume. General Wilkinson intends to publish memoirs of his own time, in three volumes. A collection of books recently Imported from Holland, will be sold at auction In Boston, on the 20th of December. Descrip- tive catalogues are ready to he issued. A more rare and valuable assortmentof books was never before exposed for sale in the Uni- ted States, and there are among these several, which it may he safelyaflirmed cannoth. found iu anylibraryin thecountry. There are some modern German and French authors, but the greater part are chosen editions of the ancient classicks, standard works in theology and criticism. Among them may be cited a splendid edition of Calvin in nine folio volumes, bound in vellum, acopy of the Byzantine historians, the most valuableedition of Bayle, his. & c. Among the criticks, are the works of BuxtoK Erasmus, Le Clerc, Lipsius, Hammond, Llghtfoot, Salmaslus, Schultens, Crel- lii., Scaliger, Socinus, Poole, Prsipcanlus, Father Simon, Dupin, (~arpuovius, Vitringa and Vosslus. An opportunity is offered to theologians, literary men, and college libraries, of obtaining In- valuable standard works, such as has never offered in this coun- try, and hut rarelyin Europe We shail not dwell on the value of these hooks, as those who are capable of appreciating them, will be able to judge of them by the catalogue which will be dis- tributed In season, In all our principal towns. *0013 RECENTLY PU3LISN3D IN ENGLAND. A volume of posthumous poetry of William Cowper, Esq. and a sketch of his life by the Rev. John Johnson.~ Travels through Poland, Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Tyrol, In 1807 and 1808, by Baron Uklanskl. vanrrnxe von runnoavior. Fragments of several orations of Cicero, with a commentary of Ascanius Vedianus, from original MSS. lately discovered ha the Ambroslan library at Milan. To be published under the dl- roctien of Mr. J. G. Jackson. * Mesurs Wells and Lilly have re-prInted this veIning. Vol. II. No. 4. 18 lag Literary and Miscellaneous The lire and campaigns of Field Marshal Prime Bruehe~ translated from the Gem of General Oneisenan, by J. B. Marston. Memoirs or John Duke of Marlborough, two volumes quarto, drawn from private correspondence and family documents, Pre- served at Blenheim, by Mr. Archdeacon Ooze. The life Jame. the Second, King of England, collested out of memoirs written by hlmselC also his advice to his son, and his last will. By the Rev. 3.5. Clauke. Dr. Young Is printing a work, entitled a practical and histori- cal treatise on consumptive diseases, exhibiting a concise account of the state of medical science in all ages It is aid to have been discovered in England, that tireS trees are very noxious to many others, such as poplars, plane, and wli lows, and that tht decay of the orchards, the fruit not only being blighted: but the trees themselves being in a dying state, is owing to these trees. That the larch contains a kind of white powder on every twig, which Is (tiN of insects, and which being carried to the other trees occasions their destruction. In the county of Essex, they are considered by many persons, on account otthese very insects, noxious to man. That many families who bad suffered by having these trees grew near their dwellings, had re- evered when they had been cut down. There has been lately published in England, Memoiron the Ruins of Babylon. By Claudius James Rich, Esq. president for the Hon. East India Company, at the court of the Pasha of Bag- dad, with three plates From some account of this work, and extracts from it In the Literary Panorama, for August last, It must be a very interesting one, particularly as illustrating seve. ral texts of scripture, in relation to the mode of building, and the destruction of that city. In some account of the proseedings of the Royal Society in the Monthly Magazine for August, there is the following article. 3. G.Chlldren, Esq. submlttedto the society, adescription of his very Ia~ galvanick battery, each plate of which consisted of 32 squaw feet, and related the effects of a great numberofexperiments made with it in producing intense heat, in melting metals, & c. one expe- riment was on iron. Head Mr. Pepys took a piece of soft iron,. made a cavity in it ta hold some diamond powder, and then sub- mitted it to the action of the galvanick battery; when the Iron was instantly converted into blister steel, and the diamond en- tirely disappeared. This experiment the author concluded, was quite satisfactory to prove that the diamond contains nothing but pure carbon.

lag Literary and Miscellaneous The lire and campaigns of Field Marshal Prime Bruehe~ translated from the Gem of General Oneisenan, by J. B. Marston. Memoirs or John Duke of Marlborough, two volumes quarto, drawn from private correspondence and family documents, Pre- served at Blenheim, by Mr. Archdeacon Ooze. The life Jame. the Second, King of England, collested out of memoirs written by hlmselC also his advice to his son, and his last will. By the Rev. 3.5. Clauke. Dr. Young Is printing a work, entitled a practical and histori- cal treatise on consumptive diseases, exhibiting a concise account of the state of medical science in all ages It is aid to have been discovered in England, that tireS trees are very noxious to many others, such as poplars, plane, and wli lows, and that tht decay of the orchards, the fruit not only being blighted: but the trees themselves being in a dying state, is owing to these trees. That the larch contains a kind of white powder on every twig, which Is (tiN of insects, and which being carried to the other trees occasions their destruction. In the county of Essex, they are considered by many persons, on account otthese very insects, noxious to man. That many families who bad suffered by having these trees grew near their dwellings, had re- evered when they had been cut down. There has been lately published in England, Memoiron the Ruins of Babylon. By Claudius James Rich, Esq. president for the Hon. East India Company, at the court of the Pasha of Bag- dad, with three plates From some account of this work, and extracts from it In the Literary Panorama, for August last, It must be a very interesting one, particularly as illustrating seve. ral texts of scripture, in relation to the mode of building, and the destruction of that city. In some account of the proseedings of the Royal Society in the Monthly Magazine for August, there is the following article. 3. G.Chlldren, Esq. submlttedto the society, adescription of his very Ia~ galvanick battery, each plate of which consisted of 32 squaw feet, and related the effects of a great numberofexperiments made with it in producing intense heat, in melting metals, & c. one expe- riment was on iron. Head Mr. Pepys took a piece of soft iron,. made a cavity in it ta hold some diamond powder, and then sub- mitted it to the action of the galvanick battery; when the Iron was instantly converted into blister steel, and the diamond en- tirely disappeared. This experiment the author concluded, was quite satisfactory to prove that the diamond contains nothing but pure carbon.

lag Literary and Miscellaneous The lire and campaigns of Field Marshal Prime Bruehe~ translated from the Gem of General Oneisenan, by J. B. Marston. Memoirs or John Duke of Marlborough, two volumes quarto, drawn from private correspondence and family documents, Pre- served at Blenheim, by Mr. Archdeacon Ooze. The life Jame. the Second, King of England, collested out of memoirs written by hlmselC also his advice to his son, and his last will. By the Rev. 3.5. Clauke. Dr. Young Is printing a work, entitled a practical and histori- cal treatise on consumptive diseases, exhibiting a concise account of the state of medical science in all ages It is aid to have been discovered in England, that tireS trees are very noxious to many others, such as poplars, plane, and wli lows, and that tht decay of the orchards, the fruit not only being blighted: but the trees themselves being in a dying state, is owing to these trees. That the larch contains a kind of white powder on every twig, which Is (tiN of insects, and which being carried to the other trees occasions their destruction. In the county of Essex, they are considered by many persons, on account otthese very insects, noxious to man. That many families who bad suffered by having these trees grew near their dwellings, had re- evered when they had been cut down. There has been lately published in England, Memoiron the Ruins of Babylon. By Claudius James Rich, Esq. president for the Hon. East India Company, at the court of the Pasha of Bag- dad, with three plates From some account of this work, and extracts from it In the Literary Panorama, for August last, It must be a very interesting one, particularly as illustrating seve. ral texts of scripture, in relation to the mode of building, and the destruction of that city. In some account of the proseedings of the Royal Society in the Monthly Magazine for August, there is the following article. 3. G.Chlldren, Esq. submlttedto the society, adescription of his very Ia~ galvanick battery, each plate of which consisted of 32 squaw feet, and related the effects of a great numberofexperiments made with it in producing intense heat, in melting metals, & c. one expe- riment was on iron. Head Mr. Pepys took a piece of soft iron,. made a cavity in it ta hold some diamond powder, and then sub- mitted it to the action of the galvanick battery; when the Iron was instantly converted into blister steel, and the diamond en- tirely disappeared. This experiment the author concluded, was quite satisfactory to prove that the diamond contains nothing but pure carbon. ISIL] Inieiligesc& 131 [There have been several Instances of springs of fresh Water that have ebbed and flowed with regularity; various conjectures have been made about the cause. By the following account tak- en from the Monthly Magasine for August, a very remarkable effect was discovered on a stream of fresh water, which is clearly produced by the ebbing and flowing of the tide, though the mode of Its operation does not seem perfectly ascertained.] Os. a. ebbing eel flowing tern discovered by boring it. ties ksrbar #fBridhington; by Jokes Storer, H. U. The following account of certain peculiarities attending a spring of fresh water, which was tapped in boring within the harbour of Dridlington quay, Yorkshire, Is given from repeated observations made during a resideuce of some weeks there, In the months qf July and August, 1814. The harbour of Bridlington quay is dry at low water, except for a rivulet which traverses its bed: at high water It has from fifteen to seventeen feet of water. Mr. Rennie, civil engineer, wasconsulted in the year 1811, respecting certain Improvements prqjected in that harbour. At his desire, with a view to ascertain the depth ofa stratum of clay In the bar hour, the boring, which terminated in formiug the well to be de- scribed, was begum under the direction of Mr. Milne, collector of the customs for the port. The spot fixed upon is opposite to the termination, of a street leading to the harbour, ad has about six feet of water at high water in ordinary tides. After the workmen had bored through twenty eight feet of very solid clay, and afterwards through fifteen feet of a cretaceous flinty gravel, of a very concrete texture, the augur was perceived to strike against the solid rock; but, as they were not able to make y ImpressIon upon It, the work was given up for that tide, without any appearance & water from the first In an hour or two aftertards, the bore was found filled to the top withfresb water, of the most limpid appearance: It soon flowed over, and was even projected some inches above the summit of the bore, In a stream equal is its calibre. When it was ascertained that the water was cUbe purest quality ad taste perfectiy fit for washing, and every culinary purposes, the bore was properly secured by a elm stock, ten feet long, and perforated with a three-inch augur, driven to Its full length; a copper tube well tinned on both sides, of a circumference to admit of Its being passed through the bore of an elm stock, ad thirty-two feet in length, was then forced to the bottom of the bore, so asto rest on the rock. The upperpart being properly puddled round the elm stock, and the well Sup completed, the following singular circumstances were observed, and have continued with great uniformity over since.

ISIL] Inieiligesc& 131 [There have been several Instances of springs of fresh Water that have ebbed and flowed with regularity; various conjectures have been made about the cause. By the following account tak- en from the Monthly Magasine for August, a very remarkable effect was discovered on a stream of fresh water, which is clearly produced by the ebbing and flowing of the tide, though the mode of Its operation does not seem perfectly ascertained.] Os. a. ebbing eel flowing tern discovered by boring it. ties ksrbar #fBridhington; by Jokes Storer, H. U. The following account of certain peculiarities attending a spring of fresh water, which was tapped in boring within the harbour of Dridlington quay, Yorkshire, Is given from repeated observations made during a resideuce of some weeks there, In the months qf July and August, 1814. The harbour of Bridlington quay is dry at low water, except for a rivulet which traverses its bed: at high water It has from fifteen to seventeen feet of water. Mr. Rennie, civil engineer, wasconsulted in the year 1811, respecting certain Improvements prqjected in that harbour. At his desire, with a view to ascertain the depth ofa stratum of clay In the bar hour, the boring, which terminated in formiug the well to be de- scribed, was begum under the direction of Mr. Milne, collector of the customs for the port. The spot fixed upon is opposite to the termination, of a street leading to the harbour, ad has about six feet of water at high water in ordinary tides. After the workmen had bored through twenty eight feet of very solid clay, and afterwards through fifteen feet of a cretaceous flinty gravel, of a very concrete texture, the augur was perceived to strike against the solid rock; but, as they were not able to make y ImpressIon upon It, the work was given up for that tide, without any appearance & water from the first In an hour or two aftertards, the bore was found filled to the top withfresb water, of the most limpid appearance: It soon flowed over, and was even projected some inches above the summit of the bore, In a stream equal is its calibre. When it was ascertained that the water was cUbe purest quality ad taste perfectiy fit for washing, and every culinary purposes, the bore was properly secured by a elm stock, ten feet long, and perforated with a three-inch augur, driven to Its full length; a copper tube well tinned on both sides, of a circumference to admit of Its being passed through the bore of an elm stock, ad thirty-two feet in length, was then forced to the bottom of the bore, so asto rest on the rock. The upperpart being properly puddled round the elm stock, and the well Sup completed, the following singular circumstances were observed, and have continued with great uniformity over since. 21tO Literary and Musceilaneoeze IUor. As aeon as the surface of the sea water in the harbour, during the flowing tide, has arrived at alevel of forty-nine or fifty inches lower than the top of the bore, the water begins to flew from it in a stream equal to its calibre, the Impetus of which is Increased the tide advances, and may be observed to be propelled with much force after the bore is overflowed by the tide. The dis- charge continues from four to fivehours, L e. till the tide in re- turning falls to the same level where it began to flow: at this point it ceases completely fill the next flood shall have regained the same level, when the same phenomena recur, in the same suc- cession, and without any variation, but what arises from the dii ferent degrees of elevation In the tides. The rule appears to be, that the column of spring water in the bore is always supported at a height of tony-nine or fifty inches above th. level of the tide, at any given time. This at least was the result of every observa- tion! made during several successive weeks in the months of July and August last; and, I am assured by Mr. Milne, on whose In- genuity and habit of accurate observation I can place the firmest reliance, that his habitual experiebee, for three years pest, goes to convince him, that the variations from the rule stated above, are very inconsiderable during the summer and autumnal months; but, tl~at in winter, after any unusual fall of rain, he has known the column of fresh water raised eight feet above the level of the tide, and the period of its discharge proportionally prolonged. For the use of the town and shipping, a reservoir, of brick work, capable of containing one thousand gallons, has been con- structed within two or three yards. and upon a somewhat higher level than the summit of the bore, and is made to communicate ivith It by a tube of the same diameter, flUed with a valve to pre- vent any roflux into the welL Two waste pipes are placed with- in a foot of the top of the reservoir, for the regular discharge of the water, and it has also been made to communicate with a pump adjoining, by which the reservoir may be emptied; and as the bore of the well is now closed and secured at the top, it is obvious that the commencement of the flow of water, from the pipes of the reservoir, will happen a few minutes sooner or later at each tide, according to the quantity of water it contained at the time. Such, however, is the known regularity of the discharge from the waste pipes, that at the expected time of the tide several of the inhabitants are always on the spot with their vessels, and are rarely obliged to walt for more than five minutes. Such is the state of facts, and it appears.to open a subject of curious investigation to those whose habits and practical know- ledge qualify them for it. The appearances seem not to admit of any satisfactory explanation, without supposing some mode of subterranean communication, by which the water of the sea, and that of the spring in questiod, arc brought into actual contact,w as to exert. a reciprocal action. This suppo!ition receives coti~ 1815.~ Imt.Wgeisce. 141 siderable support float a circumstance which I had no opportunity to observe, hut which Mr. Mime has had (went occasion to no tics; and which be describes by remarking, that after stormy weather, when there isa heavy sea on that coast, the water is discharged even from the waste pipes of the reservoir, with an evident undulation: which, of course, would he more considerable ftrnn the original bore. Mr. Mime has framed an hypothesis to satisfy his own mind on this curious sultject. He believes the stratum of clay found In the harbour, to extend over the lyhole hay in front of it, as far as the Smithwlck Sand, which formk a bar across the opening of the hay, in a direction from FIambor6~gh Head, towards the Spurn Point, and about four miles from dint quay, in a south east direc- tion. The bankis supported byareefofrocks; and, though there are openings which are well known, and admit vessels oF considerable burthen at all times of the tide, there is in general hut a small draught of water on this bank when the tide is out. On tile outward, or east side, towards the ocean, the rock is quite perpendicular, and a great depth of water is immediately behind It As the copious source of water which has been tapped in the harbour, lies at such a depth, and under a stratum of clay, there isnoreasonto think thatitcanbedischargedanywhereln the hay, till It arrives at the ledge of rock where the clay terminates. Here smug the fissures of the rock It may find Its exit: and this is more likely, as it is known that the bed of the sea, at the hack of the Smlthwlch Sand, is at so much a lower level. Admitting this ~position to he correct, or nearly so, It seems to follow, that the issue of a body of fresh water through a fissure oftherockformingthebedofthesea,wouldmeetwlth moreor less resistance at different times of the tide; because the two columns of fluid, in meeting, would act upon one another in the ratio of the altitude of each, taking into the account the difibrence of their specifick gravity; and thus, If there is any approach to an equilibrium, an operation would result analogous to the flux and refluxofthetide,nearthemouthof rivers. This hypothesis is specious, and accounts for the flux and reflux of the water from the bore, as well as for. the singe- hr undulation ci the discharge in ~boisterow state of the sea; but the greater relative altitude to which the comma of spring water is elevated after much rain, and the coqasquent prolonged discharge of it, during each tide, seem to militate against its correctness; since, In a case, where, by the supposi- tion, a balance is nearly established, an additional impetus com- municated to the column of spring water, ought to produce the opposite effect, by enabling it to overcome the resistance of the same column of sea waterdurlug a longer period of each tide, than under the usual circumstances, Obituary. LNoi~ It is not improbable, that this whole subject might be eluci- dated, by a more perfect acquaintance with the peculiarities of the springs on this part of the coast, provincially termed gipsi Cs. The water in this district of the East Riding of Yorkshire, pos- sesses that limpidness which is usual in cretaceous soils; but, for ninny miles of the ~VoIds behind Bridlington, very little water i~ to be seen. There are few rivulets, and these are very low in tIL summer, afl(l most of them quite dry in autumn. The ac- count to be collected from the inhabitants is, that, in two or three weeks after the commenceme~t of frost, the springs begin to run COiiOUsiy ; and in many the water is projected with such impetu- ositv as to resem~:l aji~t We u it is then said, in the lawru~ ~e of the country, that the 4pses are up, and the rivulets overflow~ OWTUAP Y. ~ THS AT HOME. In Acw-ilaiapsh re General George Reed, aged 88. An officer of the lZevoiution and a citizen venerablc for his age and his virtues. In ilh~ssech u~tts i 1ie Pev. John iX~urray, aged 7~5. senior Pastor of the First 1 n;ieisal ociety in Boston. 1-lis friends have issued pro- posals for publishing a biography of his life. In Tevnton, Dr. Philip Padelford, aoed 6~ A respectable physician. In Princetonn, Dr. Isaac Warren ji aged 03 At heiloaeli, lIon. Nathaoiel Bummer, a ed 60 In Boston, Dr. Anson Smith, of Upper Canada. in Port- lop I wut Kirvine Waters, of the Ii. S. Navy, from a wound received in the en~a ement between the Fnterprize and Boxer. in Brookfield, Ni I ice a~ed 86, a lineal descendant in the fifth generation from Pti~ rme White, the first child born in Plymouth Colony. in iNe bsaport fir. Alicajah Sawyer, aged 77, a physician of eminence, and coven of jeat respectability, in Stow, C~pt. J. Whitman, killed by a stage passing over him, and, the same doy, Charles Hale, one of his neighbours by a lo passin~ over his body. In Colerain, Mr. T. Bell, killed in a sham setion at a military review. In Salem, lion. William Gino President of the Essex Bank, an eminent merchant and very respectable itizeo. H. B. Pickman, aged 19, a graduate of flarvard 1. nmvcrsmt~ whose c ~aracter had inspired sanguine hopes in his frien(ls for his future, distinction. At Ro lntr0, suddenly, while on a visit to a patient, Di. Thomas Williams, aged 79. in New York, Richard Xl~op, Esq. otMiddletown, Connecticut, aged ~1. A man di~tinouished for his literary taste and attainments ; and greatly beloved tom hm~ integrity, his ben~ volence, and his amiable man- ners. He was the au*hor of many fugitive pieces of poetry, and pub- lished several tramislatious of French and Italian works. lie left several works in MS. and as some of them are said to be complete, it may be hoped that they will be printed In Albany Con t,y, Gen. Paul loeld, aged 57, expired suddenly, while apparently in perfect health and spiiits. RI. ftev. Samuel Provost, B. D. aged 73, Bishop of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church of New York.

Obituary. LNoi~ It is not improbable, that this whole subject might be eluci- dated, by a more perfect acquaintance with the peculiarities of the springs on this part of the coast, provincially termed gipsi Cs. The water in this district of the East Riding of Yorkshire, pos- sesses that limpidness which is usual in cretaceous soils; but, for ninny miles of the ~VoIds behind Bridlington, very little water i~ to be seen. There are few rivulets, and these are very low in tIL summer, afl(l most of them quite dry in autumn. The ac- count to be collected from the inhabitants is, that, in two or three weeks after the commenceme~t of frost, the springs begin to run COiiOUsiy ; and in many the water is projected with such impetu- ositv as to resem~:l aji~t We u it is then said, in the lawru~ ~e of the country, that the 4pses are up, and the rivulets overflow~ OWTUAP Y. ~ THS AT HOME. In Acw-ilaiapsh re General George Reed, aged 88. An officer of the lZevoiution and a citizen venerablc for his age and his virtues. In ilh~ssech u~tts i 1ie Pev. John iX~urray, aged 7~5. senior Pastor of the First 1 n;ieisal ociety in Boston. 1-lis friends have issued pro- posals for publishing a biography of his life. In Tevnton, Dr. Philip Padelford, aoed 6~ A respectable physician. In Princetonn, Dr. Isaac Warren ji aged 03 At heiloaeli, lIon. Nathaoiel Bummer, a ed 60 In Boston, Dr. Anson Smith, of Upper Canada. in Port- lop I wut Kirvine Waters, of the Ii. S. Navy, from a wound received in the en~a ement between the Fnterprize and Boxer. in Brookfield, Ni I ice a~ed 86, a lineal descendant in the fifth generation from Pti~ rme White, the first child born in Plymouth Colony. in iNe bsaport fir. Alicajah Sawyer, aged 77, a physician of eminence, and coven of jeat respectability, in Stow, C~pt. J. Whitman, killed by a stage passing over him, and, the same doy, Charles Hale, one of his neighbours by a lo passin~ over his body. In Colerain, Mr. T. Bell, killed in a sham setion at a military review. In Salem, lion. William Gino President of the Essex Bank, an eminent merchant and very respectable itizeo. H. B. Pickman, aged 19, a graduate of flarvard 1. nmvcrsmt~ whose c ~aracter had inspired sanguine hopes in his frien(ls for his future, distinction. At Ro lntr0, suddenly, while on a visit to a patient, Di. Thomas Williams, aged 79. in New York, Richard Xl~op, Esq. otMiddletown, Connecticut, aged ~1. A man di~tinouished for his literary taste and attainments ; and greatly beloved tom hm~ integrity, his ben~ volence, and his amiable man- ners. He was the au*hor of many fugitive pieces of poetry, and pub- lished several tramislatious of French and Italian works. lie left several works in MS. and as some of them are said to be complete, it may be hoped that they will be printed In Albany Con t,y, Gen. Paul loeld, aged 57, expired suddenly, while apparently in perfect health and spiiits. RI. ftev. Samuel Provost, B. D. aged 73, Bishop of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church of New York. 1813.3 Obituary. a In Pewnsijlvania. lion. John Whitehill, aged 94. In Maryla . Lient. Corn. John M. Gardiner, of the U. S. Navy~ In Bait iinore, the Rev. Dr. Obrien. In Virginia. Samuel Shepherd, Esq. aced ~4, Auditor of that state~ A native of Boston. In Powhatan County, Col. henry Skipwith, ~ revolutionary officer. In North Geirotina. Gen. John Steele, formerly a member of Con- gress, and for many years Comptroller of the Treasury of the United States. In Georgia. Col. Richard Sparks, late of 2d Reg. of Infantry. At Fort Decatur, the Lion. Nlr. Sevier, one of the commissioners appointed to run the boundary line in the territories of the Creeks. In Ken!uck.y. Captain John Johnson, a respectable citizen, of wounds. received in a quatrel on an election day. In New Orleans. Maj. D. 0. Dunham, ~ged 24. Illinois Territory. 1-Ion. Stanley Griswold, one of the Judges, for- merly of Connecticut. ~EATIIS BY VIOLENCE. In Massachusetts. Jonathan Jewett, a black man, has been con- demn0d to he e~euted for the murder of his father-in-law. Ls ~?hode-1sland. Two men have been. condemned to be hung for burglary. In Connecticut. Peter Lung, has been condemned to be hung for the murder of his wife. Joseph Purdy, after being separated from his wife, returned, as supposed, with an intention to murder her, but she was fortunately ftoin home. He fired her house and barn, and died next morning, having previously taken poison. In New York. Mi. John Wood. killed in tI e street by Patrick hart, a wood-sawyer, with a stick of wood. Wixi. Wilson, shoemaker, suicide, by shooting himseifwith a gun. Barent Becker, hun in lViont~om. ery County, for the murder of his wife. He had been confined a year previous to his trial. In the town of Vic or, a young woman of20 Inur- dered a child of .5 years of age by cutting its thro~t with a razor. A Mrs. Burke havin~ died in the New York Hospital, in conseqtlence of a beasin~ from her husband, the coi-on~rs verdict was xvilfol murder. Is Philwklphia. G. Oliver, killed in a fracas in a sailois boarding house. In ons Coroli~ a. A runaway slave, whipped to death by John II. Cooze and me er two others. The details of this business cannot be read wi bout shuddering with horrour. Cooke ba~ been condemned t be hun on~ of his accomplices has escaped. A man named Nyler has been hun to forgery, and John ~anndeis fo tie mm-dee of his brother. In Sruo h-C olI~ s. In Pendleton District, Sampson Tippins, rnur- der~d by Thomas Geor~e, the criminal mdc his escape, a ieward has been offered foi him. In ~worgia. Royal EI;.s has been eonde~nn~d to , e hung for passin~ counterfeit bank not ~s. DEATHS ABROAD. In England. Lady Harriot Ackbsnd. aged CO. She wa, celebrated ti~r her (levotion to her husband, who was wounded and taken prisoucs 144 Obituary. riot; iaGen.Buuprnes army. The Duke of St. Mbmns, hereditary grand and. One of the privileges attached to this place was the right ofdriving his carriage In the ride In Hyde Park, appropriated to equestrians, and which was permitted to no one else but the t.oyal Family. John Eardley Wilmot, Esq. aged 67. Mr. Wilmot was a master In Chancery, and at the bead of a commission which laboured many years for the settlement of the claims of the American loyalists, to whom he rendered great services. Col. Beaumont, drowned him- self in the Thames. verdict suicide, and the body was buried In a read. In Leaden, Count Merveldt, the Austrian Ambassadour. The Earl of Cheiterfield. Vice-Admiral Otway. At Binmftghau, Dr. Joshua Toulmin, a distinguished preacher among the Unitarians, the successor of Dr. Prlestley. In franc.. Marshal Drone, assassinated. Gen. Eamel, murdered by the mob. I. Park, Madame de Labedoyere, soon after the execu- tion of her husband. lathe SevtIs qfPiwmc., at Nines and its neigh- bourhood, a great many of the protestants have been massacred. Some accounts have stated that six hundred had been destroyed in the course ofa few days. TO COflESPONDENYS. We have been so seldom Ikvoured with poetical ofbrings. that we rejeet any with some regret and hesitation. The verses of C. G.M. are equal to many pieces of Magazine poetry, hut the thoughts ares mon. and the versifleation careless. New Ideas cannot sways be ex peeLed, hut their place should be supplied by the grace and harmony of diction. A S, on the return of Peace, for which we are indebted to N. B.C. appear In the next number. The other Pee.. which for the sake of the author, it is to be hoped is ajuvenile jierformwe, we should speak of very harshly, Wit were nottbr the concluding lines, which Indicate something better than the rest; hut aswedonet feel atliberh tytomutilate thepoem, we shaliencleseand leave it, for N.B.C. as he requested. We thank a person without signature, for his Intentions, who sent the account of a practice at Dunmore Priory, In ilinstratlon of Nos. 007 and fOsof the Spectator; yet,u far as novelty is concerned, he might as well have asked us to Insert these numbers themselves. To the individual who transmitted a Review of a recent law book, publithed in New York. it might be sufficient tosay, that we have never seen the book, and we cannot take the opinions of anonymous corres- pondents. In the miscellan7, we do not exact a knowledge of the writers, if they prefer being usscepsite; hut in the departinenl of the Review, thouph we shall be highly gratified at receiving assistance, from many individuals, of whom we have no opportunity of asking It. or to whom we are personally unknown, yet for obvious reasons, their Ib- yours mutt be accomponiid with the additional sac of Informing us to whom we are indebted. Professor Clevelands absence from home ~ the month of Sep- tember, has prevented our having a Journal of the weather for that monthfromhim; nndweregretthat wehavenotreceived any fromthe gentleman at Albany, to whom we have been hitherto indebted.

144 Obituary. riot; iaGen.Buuprnes army. The Duke of St. Mbmns, hereditary grand and. One of the privileges attached to this place was the right ofdriving his carriage In the ride In Hyde Park, appropriated to equestrians, and which was permitted to no one else but the t.oyal Family. John Eardley Wilmot, Esq. aged 67. Mr. Wilmot was a master In Chancery, and at the bead of a commission which laboured many years for the settlement of the claims of the American loyalists, to whom he rendered great services. Col. Beaumont, drowned him- self in the Thames. verdict suicide, and the body was buried In a read. In Leaden, Count Merveldt, the Austrian Ambassadour. The Earl of Cheiterfield. Vice-Admiral Otway. At Binmftghau, Dr. Joshua Toulmin, a distinguished preacher among the Unitarians, the successor of Dr. Prlestley. In franc.. Marshal Drone, assassinated. Gen. Eamel, murdered by the mob. I. Park, Madame de Labedoyere, soon after the execu- tion of her husband. lathe SevtIs qfPiwmc., at Nines and its neigh- bourhood, a great many of the protestants have been massacred. Some accounts have stated that six hundred had been destroyed in the course ofa few days. TO COflESPONDENYS. We have been so seldom Ikvoured with poetical ofbrings. that we rejeet any with some regret and hesitation. The verses of C. G.M. are equal to many pieces of Magazine poetry, hut the thoughts ares mon. and the versifleation careless. New Ideas cannot sways be ex peeLed, hut their place should be supplied by the grace and harmony of diction. A S, on the return of Peace, for which we are indebted to N. B.C. appear In the next number. The other Pee.. which for the sake of the author, it is to be hoped is ajuvenile jierformwe, we should speak of very harshly, Wit were nottbr the concluding lines, which Indicate something better than the rest; hut aswedonet feel atliberh tytomutilate thepoem, we shaliencleseand leave it, for N.B.C. as he requested. We thank a person without signature, for his Intentions, who sent the account of a practice at Dunmore Priory, In ilinstratlon of Nos. 007 and fOsof the Spectator; yet,u far as novelty is concerned, he might as well have asked us to Insert these numbers themselves. To the individual who transmitted a Review of a recent law book, publithed in New York. it might be sufficient tosay, that we have never seen the book, and we cannot take the opinions of anonymous corres- pondents. In the miscellan7, we do not exact a knowledge of the writers, if they prefer being usscepsite; hut in the departinenl of the Review, thouph we shall be highly gratified at receiving assistance, from many individuals, of whom we have no opportunity of asking It. or to whom we are personally unknown, yet for obvious reasons, their Ib- yours mutt be accomponiid with the additional sac of Informing us to whom we are indebted. Professor Clevelands absence from home ~ the month of Sep- tember, has prevented our having a Journal of the weather for that monthfromhim; nndweregretthat wehavenotreceived any fromthe gentleman at Albany, to whom we have been hitherto indebted.

NOWLTL-AMERLCAN R~VLEW ANT) MISCELLANEOUS JOURNAL. No. V. JANUARY, 1816. 7 The Planters Plea, or grounds of plantations examined and usual objections answered: together with a maui- frstation of the causes mooving such as have lately vn- dertaken a plantation in Nevv England. For the sa~ tis faction of those that question the tawfulnesse of the action. ~ Thes. v. ~ I. Prove all things, and holde fast that uhich is good. London, printed by William Jones, 1628. 4to pp. 84. Their Majesties Colony of Connecticut in New-England vindicated fro~n the abuses of a pamphlet licensed and printed at Nen- York 1694, intituled ~o te seasonable considerations of the good people of Connecticut. By an answer thereunto. Boston, in New-England, printed by Bartholomew Green, Anno. Dom. 1694. 4to pp. 43. THESE two pamphlets are in the library of the Bost on Athenetirri the Ias~ is an extremely ill writfen, j)assioaa~e answer to the Nev-York pamphlet, which was composed to justify the usurpal ions of the Goveruour of New~York on the people of Connecticut, in regard to the control of the militia and military se~wices. Connecticut successfully resisted, aud justice was on her side, but if she had pos~ sessed no other advocate exce t the writer of this pamphlet, her dghts would have been tr mpled upon with impunity. Vol. 11. No. Ti. 19 46 Books relating to America. (January, The first pamphlet is tolerably well written, and it con- tai as one valuable document for the historian, in the minute account which it gives, of the origin and failure of the com- pany, which in the first planting of Plymouth, undertook to derive profit from a fishing project; that being the only in.. stance where pecuniary motives operated on the first prqjectors of that colony, which owed its existence ahnost entirely to the unconquerable love of political and religious liberty. The author of the Planters Plea, states the objections that were then made to planting colonies, and makes an answer to each in the manner of a dialogue. The second objection with his answer, will shew what were some of the opinions of that day, and the style in which the book is written. OnjEcTuol 2d. But the pretended end of winning the heathen to 3e.knowledge of G~d and embracing of the faith of Christ, 44 meere fatale, and a worke not only of uncertaine but unlikely successe, as a pp ears by our fruit- lesse endeavours that way, both in Virginia and New. s England, where New.Plimmoulis men inhabiting now these ten yeares, are not able to give any account of any one man converted to Christianity. ANSWER. And no marvell unlesse God should work. by miracle; neither can it be expected that worke should take elect untill we may be more perfectly acquainted with their language, and they with ours. Indeede it is true, both the Natives and English understand so muck of one anothers language, as may enable them to trade with one another, and fit them for conference about things that are subject to outward sense, and so they understand our use in keeping the Sabbath day, observe our rever- ence in the worship of God, are somewhat acquainted with the morall precepts, know that adultery, murther, theft and lying are forbidden, which nature teacheth, be- cause these things are outward, and may be understood almost by sense: But how shall a man expresse unto them things meerely spirituall, which have no affinity with sense, unlesse wee were thoroughly acquainted with their language, and they with ours? neither can we in theirs, or theyin ours otter any continued speech, because neither we nor the7 understand the moods, tenses, cases, numbers, preeposi 1816.] BooWrelating to America. 14? tions, adverbes, & c. which make coherence in words and expresse a perfect sense. Besides, it hath beene intimat- ed, that wee hardly have found a brutish people woune before they had been taught civility. So wee must endea- your and expect to worke that in them first, and Religion afterwards. Amongst such as have been brought over into England from Virginia there was one Nanawacic, a youth sent over by the Lo. tie Laware, when hee was Governour there, who coming over and living here a yeare or two isa houses where he. heard not much of religion, but saw and heard many times examples of drinking, swearing, and like evills, remained as hee was a meere Pagan; but after removed into a Godly family, hee was sirangely altered, grew to understand the principles of Religion, learned to reade, delighted in the Scriptures, Sermons, Prayers, and other Christian duties, wonderfully bewailed the state of his countrymen, especially his brethren; and gave such testimonies of his love to the truth, that hee was thought fit to be baptised; but being prevented by death, left behind such testimonies of his desire of Gods favour, that it mooved such Godly chris- tuna as knew him, to conceive well of his condition; nei- ther is there any cause to doubt but time may bring on in others, as well as it did in him, that which wee expect upon a sodaine in vaine. REPLY. Bitt some conceive the inhabitants of New- England to be Chums posterity, and consequently shut out from grace by Noahs curse, till the conversion of the Jewes be past at least. Axawn. How do they appeare to be Charss poster- ity? whose sonnes by the agreement of writers, tooke up their dwellings together, in Canaan, Palestina, and the parts adjoyning in Arabia, Egypt, Mauritania, Isjbia and other bordering parts of Africke, and consequently for any footsteps of their descents aippearing unto us, might bee as farre from peopling the West-Indies as any other part of the posteritie of Noahs sonnes. Neither doe mona conjectures agree, (for we have no certainties to build on) 6 whence these countries of the parts of America towards New-England might most probably be peopled. But admit the inhabitants to be Charss posteritie, doth not the pro- pnetnsay foretell the conversion of Chains rbsteritie in Egypb performed in the primitive times, all histories wit& it, Book. relating to America. (January, fleshing that the Egyptians had amongst them a Church of eminent note, governed by divers Bishops under the Pa- triarch of Alexandria? and who knowes not the nome- roes Churches of Afrieke, wherein were above 160 Bishops in St. Austin. time, governing sundry nations, all of them of Charss posteritie? Bet what testimonie of scripture, lays such a fearfuil curse upon all Charss posteritie? Noahs curse reacheth but to one branch, to Canaan, and as interpreters conceive, with especiall relation to the ex- tirpation of that part of his issue, which inhabited Judea, by the children of Israel. It is too moth bolduesse then to curse where God hath not cursed, and shot out those from the meanes of grace, whom God hath not excluded. Voyages dv Baron de La Hontan dan. lAmerique Sep. tentrionale, qui contiennent tine relation des dsffereus ~eupLesqui y habitent: La nature de leur jouvernement. Leur commerce, levers contumes, lever .rel~ion: et lever, maniere de faire La guerre: linteret tes Francois et des A~l~ dons le commerce qveiLs font avec ces tea- tins; 1advantage que lAnglelerre pevet retirer de Ce. pais, etant en guerre avec La France. Le tout eutrichie de Canes et des figures. Seconde edition. revue, corrsgh et augments. a liaye eke:. C. Delo. 1706. 2 vole. I2mo. Tn author of these travels, the Baron de Ia Hontan, was in the military service of France. The first of his letters is dated at Qoebeck, November 8th, 1683, and the last in Portugal in January, 1694, for having quarrelled with a soperioer officer he was afraid to return to France.. During this period he was in every part of the French northern colonies. The pretiece prefixed to this second edition by the Dutch editor, would lead a reader to place very little reliance on the work, as he avows having taken many liberties, to render the letters more pleasing. The accounts however bear every mark of authenticity, and are quite confirmed by cotemporary, as well as subsequent writers on the same country. The Baron seems to have been an ardent and enterpris- ing character, with more wit than discretion. He was often placed in remote post., associated much with the savages; e 1816.] Books relating to America. 1 4J joined th~m in their hunting parties, and was pleased with much of their habits and character. He undertook an ex- pedition of discovery, and penetrated high up the Missouri. This was a great effort, when it is considered, that he look his departure from civilization at Monlreal. He confirms the statement made by Colden, that the Governour of Can- a(la, M. de Frontenac, tortured in the most horrible manner, two prisoners of the Five Nations, which he justified on the score of policy ! He gives a particular account of the re- markable interview between the Governour of Canada, M. de Ia Barre, and the ambassadors of the Five Nations; and records the speech of Garangula in nearly the same terms as Colden. in the first volume, p. 141. he gives an anec- dote of one of his countrymen as follows. He is speaking of a party of Hurons under his command, who made four- teen prisoners in an encounter with a party of the Five Nations. To translate his words. They (livided twelve of them among themselves, they gave away the two others, one of them to M. ~ie Jucheran commanding the Fort, and the other to the Ottawas. What would enable you to guess, Sir, which of these slaves had the most fomiunate lot ; you would bet a hundred to one, that it i~ as him who was given to M. de Jucherau. In fact reason seems to dictate, that a French officer and a christian, should have more humanity than savages. You deceive yourself greatly, notwithstanding; M. de Jucherau had no sooner received his Iroquois, than he engaged in the pleasing frolick of having him shot; while the Ottawas preserved the life of their victim. In his 16th letter, after giving an account of his journey to the Missouri, lie details a plan to form a suitable party for a journey of discovery into the interiour of the conti- nent. He makes the number far too large, but there are many good rules given, and such as shew an experienced man. There is one quite characteristick; the practice may have existed, but the particular directions have been seldom published. Another measure necessary to a coin- mandant is to have a skillful spy, and to pay him well; by this means, as he will know every thing that takes ph ce, he can regulate his conduct clearly and upon certain grounds, to obviate any evil or to cut it offi The princi- pal point is to detect the first mover and author of a cabal; such a discovery demands great cunning and secrecy; but when you have so thorpughly examined things, that no Books relating to America. [January, doubt remains respecting the guilty person, it is absolutely necessary to get rid of him ; but as it would be attended with too much danger to take away his life, in sight o~ his partizans lie shouid be dispatched to the other world by a subterranean rout, so that lie may suddenly disappear, without an v of his fellows knowing what has becoai othi~r~. The second volume contains a general acconut of the Fiench po sessions in Canada. An account of the animals, trees, & c. which is rather meagre ; ad an account of the reiigiou, c ustoms, c haracter, armorial bearings, hiero~ ly ph icks, & c. of the natives, to which is adued a short dictiona y of the Algonquin dialect.But the most remarkable part of this volume, is a supposed conversation between La lion an and Adario, the celebrated chief of the Deornondacties, a tribe of the Barons. It is divided into three dialogues, upon relig~ion, laws, and se{f interest. These are in tact a satire in which the civilized man contends with the avage, but only to give him the advantage. These dialo mies have much of the wit and manner of Voltaire, or iather Voltaire has much of these, and it would be curious to know how far succeeding writers have borrowed from this book, corn- paratively little known. This kind of satire has been repeated since even to nauseousness, but this is somewhat remarkable, when it is recollected, that it was written before the close of the i~th century. The History of the Province of ATew~ York, from the first discovery to the year I 73~. To which is annexed a description of the country, with a short account of the I,ihabitauts,their trade, religious and political state, and the constitution of the Courts of Justice in that Colony. Lo! swarming oer the new discovered world Gay colonies extend: the calm retreat Of undeservd distress. Bound by social freedom firm they rise! Of Britains empire the support and strength. Nec minor est virtus, quam quacrere parta tueri. By William Smith, A. IVI. London, printed for Tho- mas Wilcox, 1T57. 4to pp. 255. Tilts work which the author in his preface modestly gives to the world as a plain narrative, and not a regular history, 1816.] Books relating to America. Ifil contains many valuable materials for the historian. He hsings his relafon no further than the year 173~ and it is since that period, that the state of New-York has acquired a due importance, by a developer. ent of the power and advantages whicn its local situation and extensive territory COalT. Ih early history is much less interesting thai) that of Massachusetts or Virginia. The tameness and i~norance of its original Dutch settlers were long predominant, and being a conquered colony, those jealous feelings of liberty and early precautions for self-government, vhich mark every step of the New-England colonists, were little felt o fe [ly attempt- ed. In the early stages of the colony no foundations were laid for the education of the inhabitants; the i~norance that was the consequence, the author frequently laments. Their Governour~: came over to them with very arbitrary not ions of power, and considered the administration of the colony to be wholly at their control. They had a Council and an assembly ; the latter was so subservient that for a long time, they voted supplies for a period of years, which were placed at the entire disposal of the Governour, who render- ed no account. It was of course considered a place for a Governour to make his fortune, and generally given to needy favourites for this purpose. The quarrels which ensued from Leslers assumption of the government, and his execution long agitated the coun- try. They were besides engaged in disputes with New- Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, about limits. They were not free from religious quarrels, so common to those ti!nes, and had a long contest to escape from the authority of the Ecclesiastical power in the mother country. Mt. Smith seems to consider it an advantage that they were too ivnorant to make laws, and establish precedents of their own, as was the case with their Eastern neh~hbours; and thereiore retained the laws and leaal usages of England, more unmixed than any other colony. A Court of Chan- cery was ea iy established, and the Governour who was generally a military man, or sometimes a mere courtier, was the Chancellor. The monstrous evils of such a jurisdiction, were frequently an occasion of vexation, and fruitless oppo- ~mtmon. The connexion between Nex~ -York and the Five Nations, is the most interesting part of the early history of that Jate; a better account is givcn of it by Colden than by 152 Books relating to America. (January, Smith. On the subject of Indian trade and alliance, and the extension of colonial limits, it is impossible not to remark the systemahick design, the farsighted vaews,and indefatigable exertions of the French government in all their undertak- ings. While the history of the English colonies down to the year 1760, discovers throughout, that the government at home were without any definite views respecting them, any comprehensive system for their administration, or any wise combination for futurity. To subject those, whose unconquerable spirit had induced them to fly from tyranny at home, to a atm meaner subservience in their newly ac- quired country; to devise something for the sordid wants of craving followers, seemed to be the whole object of the desultory policy of the ministry. The French, under every disadvantage, except that they could more emily assimilate with the habits of the savages, had with a handful of men drawn a magick circle round all the English colonies, who were obliged to use the most incessant eforts to awaken the government in England to a sense of their situation; and till the famous expedition which terminated in the con- quest of Canada, in wbich too, they bore a very important part, they had to contend almost unassisted against the skill and ambition of the French. Twice they were placed in the most imminent. danger of losing their Indiau allies, and seeing them go over to the French, which might perhaps have changed the whole fate of North-America. One of these occasions was occasioned by the stupid bigotry of James; the other was owing to the paltry views and gross ignorance of a few merchants in New- York and London. In the excellent report that was drawn up by Govemnour Barnets Council, to submit to the Lords of trade and plan- tations in opposition to these interested views, the cm of the Dutch trader is introduced with considerable efect. The Count dEstrade in his letters in 1638 says, that when the Dutch were besieging Antwerp, one Beiland, who had loaded four fly-boats with arms and powder for Antwerp, being taken up by the Prince of Oranges order, and ex- wined at Amsterdam, said boldly, that the burghers of Amsterdam had a right to trade every where; that he could name a hundred who were factors for the merchants at Antwerp, and that he was one. That trade cannot be in- terrupted, and that for his part, he was very free to own, that if to get any thing by trade, it were necessary to pass through Hell, he would venture to burn his sails. p. 165. 1816.] Books relating to America. 153 Having cited in a former article, an indignant reflection from Major Rogers against the people of Rhode-Island, for trading with the French in time of war, it will be curi- ous to see how the same thing is viewed by Mr. Smith. After saying that, the trade of this Province was never so flourishing, & c. he goes on, Provisions, which are our staple bore a high price in the West-Indies. The French distressed through the want of them, gladly re- ceived our flags of truce, though they had sometimes, but one or two prisoners on board, because they were always loaded with flour, beef, pork, and such-like coimnodities. The danger their own vessels were exposed to, induced them to sell their sugars to us at a very low rate. p. 217. There is an inadvertence in speaking of the sentence of one Manning for treason; he had given up a fort to the Dutch. The scandalous charge which Manning on his trial confessed to be true, is less surprising than the lenity of the sentence pronounced against him. It was this, that though he deserved death, yet because he had since the surrender been in England, and seen the King and the Duke, it was adjudged that his sword should be broke over his head in public, before the City-Hall, and himself rendered incapable of wearing a sword, and of serving his Majesty for the future in any public trust in the government. Surely that sentence, which would render life insupportable, is less lenient, than taking it away. The writer assigns a good reason for leaving his history at the period of 1732. Because in the publick controversies that afterward took place, a near relation of his was greatly concerned. But in amplifying his remarks, though the principle with proper modifications may be just, he con- cludes the chapter rather awkwardly Besides, a writer who exposes the conduct of the living, will inevitably meet with their fury and resentment. The prudent historian of his own times, will always be a cow ard, and never give fire till death protects him from the malice and stroke of his enemy. P. 180. FOR THE NORTH-AMERIcAN JOURNAL. Ix the last number some mention was made of a plan, un- der consideration, for commencing an institution to encou Vol. II. No. 5. 20 I ~i4 Institution for the Fine Arts. [January, rage and promote the Fine Arts in Boston. The time has arrived in the opinion of many, when this design may be carrietl into execution; and it may be hoped that every person of liberal views, who may read this article, will find some reason to unite in thinkiwt, that such an undertaking is not wholly premature. Scupture, painting, engraving, and architecture, have so large a share in the comforts, the eleoance, and the honours of society, that any disserta- tion on their importance would be superfluous. The ap- preciation which they have always met with among all civi- lized nations, shews their value both for utility and orna- ment. This value was never more striking than at the pre- sent moment, when we find all the nations of Europe en- gaged in contention about a few statues and paintings; the loss or the acquisition of which, sceni to excite more lively feelings of joy or grief, than the destruction of a fortress, or the conquest of a province. Without assenting to all the positions in the following extract from an English weekly journal, (the Examiner,) it may still be considered as con- tainui~ some just reflections on the subject: The noise made about these works of Art, and justly made, is the signal for their more general appreciation by the world at large,a trumpet sounded for the approach of nobler genius, and the (livitler triumphs of peace. Think of Austrians, Prussians, Russians, men from Tartary and the frozen Pole, the descendants of the Huns and the Scy- thians, all walking among the beauties of Southern art, and prepared to carry back with them its gentler impressions. The very coarsest of these people must be struck with the importance attac lied to such objects by their superiors those who have any susceptibility, anti who come from places perhaps where they have been acquainted with no- thiu~ but a few simple utensils and barbarous habitations, must gaze with astonishment on figures that seem to meet their eyes ~ith consciousness, and look more like the works of fairies, or the mock stillness of living beauty, than the productions of creatures like themselves ; and all must behold in them the last objects of civilized ambition, ob- jects which contendin~ interests affect at last to consider as somethiwr sacred from ambition itself,glories which the most intelligent nations conspire to reverence, anti which their former possessors come to claim back again, as the last proof of their triumph or their national p4de, and 1816.] Institution for the Fine Arts. IOJ as if they were so many living kinsmen to be redeemed from captivity. Nor will those who see deeper than the common declaimers against what is ornamental, considel this as an overvaluing of the works in question. We libel nature herself, when we declare against the ornaments of Art ; and should first extinguish the colours of the garden, and the gold of the summer clouds. Ornament is utility, if it helps to make us happy, for of what other use is use itself? He who can stand before a single fine statue, quiet and admiring, has an enjoyment which thousands of things that make grave, scientific faces, would in vain attempt to procure for him; lie enjoys the simplicity of nature in the shape of the utmost refinement of art ; he feels pride without hardness, and rapture without violence ; he lives ages that are gone by; he finds something Kyond him- self, and out of the narrow place and time in which he ex- ists; he gets rid of the grossness of mere bodily impres- sion, and doubles his sense of visible beauty by discover- ing the intellectual secret of grace; in a word he is enabled to look upon the finest production of nature, the human shape, as he does upon a flower, or a tree, or a common aniLnal; unshackled and unspoiled; and in proportion as we are able to recur for such enjoyment to any of natures productions, we free ourselves from grossness and igno- rance in a thousand shapes, and treasure up means of con- solation, which may last us when a thousand axioms of philosophy only become mat ter of doubt and perplexity. These are the feelings that present themselves uncon- sciously to the most unthinking of the admirers of such oh- jects. The most ignorant of the Gothic visiters at the Lou- vre partakes of them, when he feels his mind almost over- powered, and bursts out into exclamations of delight, or keeps an intense silence, or vents himself even in pleasan- tries, or kisses the Venus with his whiskered lips. That trite quotation from Ovid has never, perhaps, after all, been sufficiently appreciated; Nec sinit esse ferosthe cultivation of the liberal arts will not suffer men to relapse into ferocity; it restrains them with the force of know- led~e, with the superiority of intellectual strength to phy- sical, with wisdom in the shape of beauty. Such is the influence, more or less, which we may ex- pect this seLisalion about the works of A; t to create among the XVarriors in Paris; and co in the midst of them, to 1~i6 Institution for the Fine Arts. [Janwtry~ quote a verse more applicable than ever, stands the God- dess of Love and Beauty ; So stands the Statue, which enchants the world. Without making a common place eulogium on these arts which einbellisn and animate every country where they are cultivated; some of their advantages may be shewn inciden- tally, in a cursory consideration of the principal objections that have been sometimes made against their introduction here. These may be summarily stated under the follow- ing heads: their tendency to corrupt society, our poverty, our want of taste, the absence of artists. It has been said, that the arts have a tendency to corrupt morals and manners.The most ancient of all trite sayings, is the one, that the abuse of a thing is no argument against the thing itself. To consider the arts as the cause of pub- lick profligacy is to mistake effect for a cause. When so- ciety is diseased the Arts will feel the general influence, and accompany the progress of degradation; and if patrons call for Ledas and Danaes, the artists partaking of the corn- mon degeneracy, may comply with their wishes to avoid starvation. Such a state of things however will be rather retarded, than accelerated, by a liberal cultivation of the arts. The reproach against the arts is far less just in our own days; if modern times are as corrupt as former ones, they are certainly more refined, and violations of decency in any respect much less frequesit. Of the great living artists, very few of them have used their talents but for the no- blest purposes. With hardly an exception, the celebrated artists of the present (lay have devoted all their exertions to the treatment of the most elevated subjects of sacred and profane history. Besides, a powerful check might be pro- vided, in every institution, for the encouragement of the arts, by withdrawing all countenance from those, who may deviate into the selection of improper subjects. It is quite unnecessary to say more on this point. There is not wealth enough in the country. In com- parison with others, or in reference to our own situation, this is a ~reat mistake. We are much wealthier than many countries, where the arts are cultivated to a great extent. The princely sums that have been sometimes paid for very celebrated works, have created a vague impression that 1816.] Institution for the Fine Arts. enormous wealth must be required. But these high prices are only paid on extraordinary occasions, and too often la- vished with ignorant ostentation, on ancient works of doubtful merit, while living genius has been left to pine unheeded by the vain collector. Itis however becoming the fashion in Eu- rope to encourage contemporary talent, the worth of old pic- tures which had no other merit than that of being old, is now getting to its true level; and many en!ightened amateurs have introduced the fashion of cherishing living artists. We may escape from the folly and injustice of collecting the trash of antiquity, and commence our institutions, at the fa- vourable moment when fashion, as well as taste and feeling, have sanctioned the practice of supporting living merit. It would be sufficient at the outset, if ihe sum, though it is not large which is now expended, and mostly thrown away in works of art, should be devoted to purchase the produc- tions of our own artists. A very considerable sum is ex- pended in buying engravings that are worth nothing. In every house, in every parlour, there are pictures hanging on the walls, the glass and frames of which make them expen- sive ornaments, and which constitute their whole value. Niuch the largest portion of the engravings sent from Eu- rope to this country, are utterly worthless. Engravings are divided into two classes, proofs and prints, the first four hundred copies are commonly considered as ~roofs and charged at double the price of the others. The prints of Course are better i proportion as they are earlier impres- sions. Proofs of plates published in France and Italy may be known by the description of the picture being wanting, the space at bottom is left blank, and are called by the French avant la letire. In England proofs of modern en- gravings are distinguished by the letter being left unfinished, the outlines only being impressed. A large portion of the engravings that are sent to America are impressions that are taken from worn out plates, and if they can obtain for them the cost of the paper, and a trifle for striking them off, they are satisfied; such engravings have 110 value. The quantity is increasing every year, and how desirable it is that such importations should be discouraged, and the sums thus wasted, be directed to reward American artists. The purchase of inferiour en~ravings is a complete loss of the money paid for them. But in purchasing good pictures, a 158 Institution for the Fine Arts. [January, real property is acquired, their value rather increases than diminishes with time. We have no t~iste for the Arts. Suppose this was true, how is this taste to be acquired? It cannot come by inspiration: It can only be nourished by the sight of objects which will call it into action. Those who say we caunot en- courage the arts, till we have acquired a taste for hem, re- mind one of the fond mother who was anxious her son should learn to swim, but afraid he should go into the water. There is a great deal of affectation and pedantry among con- noisseurs; but a power of perceiving harmony and bea~it.y, in a greater or less degree, is given to all mankind, and though a just taste is seldom possessed intuitively, yet it is less difficult to be acquired, than is commonly imagined. It may require an artist, perhaps, to perceive all the difficul- ties that have been overcome, and all the skill which has been exerted in producing a finished specimen of art, yet every one may be able to enjoy all its beauties. But stronger ground may be taken: there is a very considera- ble degree of taste existing in our society. There are many persons whom we should delight to name, who have cultivated drawing and painting with very considerable suc- cess; it would be one advantage attending the promotion of the arts here, that this most pleasing and interesting accom- plishinent would become more general. The pleasure of musick may be more lively, but it is evanescent; drawing is more quiet and more durable, it affords permanent memo~ rials of our friends ; the sounds which enchant us are dissi- pa ted in air, but the painting may recall affection to memory, long after the hand that executed it has mouldered into dust. We have no artists. Of all the objections that have been suggested, this is perhaps the most erroneous. A slight mention of some of the artists now on the spot, besides those who have sought abroad the encouragement they could not find at home; will shew that our capacity is much more ex- tensive, Ihan even some of those who wish well ,to the arts may have imagined. This list will commence with Mr. Stuart, whose merit is too well known to require any praise of ours. As an histo- rical portrait painter, he was before his return to this coun- try, in the first rank of his profession in England, where that branch of the aint was carried to the highest perfection, and where competition was of the most powerful kind. To 1816.] Institution for the Fine Arts. I b9 his admirable pencil posterity will be indebted for the por- traits of those great men, who laid the foundations of the greatness of our country. Perhaps this veteran professor was never more successful, than in some of the portraits which he has painted the last year; may he long continue to multiply the fine productions of his pencil. In naming Colonel Henry Sargent next, we should per- ha~s consider him rather as an amateur than a professional artist, since he paints but a few pictures. His last and greatest work, The Landing of the Forefathers, having been exposed for the gratification of the publick for several months, dud being so fresh in its admiration, renders it unne- cessarv for us to say more. Mr. Morse has recently returned here from England. His picture of the dying hercules, which was shewn for a short time to the pu& ick, had made his merit known in advance. This painting, and the model from which it was executed, acquired him great praise in England,and gave promise of his future distinction. Mr. Morse has aimed at the highest branch of his art; he has profited by the advice and pro- found science of Mr. Allston, and studied in England the works of the greatest masters of our own and former time~. The scenery of Mount Oeta in his Hercules, would be suf- ficient to show that he possesses a poetick imagination ; and his friends and the publick have a right to entertain the highest expectations of this accomplished young painter. Mr. Stuart Newton is a young artist who has hitherto principally devoted himself to portrait painting, for which he appears to have a strong natural talent, which may one day qualify him to replace his celebrated uncle, mentioned at the head of this list. From a few sketches lie has pro- duced, and from his strong and quick perception of the va- norms expressions of the human face, lie would certainly succeed in other branches of the art ; in cabinet pictures of familiar scenes, perhaps of all others the most popular; study and perseverance will ensure him success. Mr. Penniman, from some sketches rather than fLAshed pictures we have seen from his hand, has shewn what he is capable of doing if there was any encouragement; but when this was wanting, he pursued more mechanic-al branch- es of the art ; painting military standards, masonick emblems, & c. which he executes with great neatness, and accuracv~ and with talents capable of higher efforts. 160 Institution for the Fine Arts. [January, Mr. Fisher is a young artist, who acquired his knowledge of colouring and drawing under Mr. Penniinan, and who pursues the branch of cattle and landscape painting. His delineations of the former have not only great, but surprising merit, when it is considered how little advantage he has had in seeing good pictures, and how little practice. Older ar- tists might envy the force, the facility, the truth with which he delineates animals. His landscapes have also much merit. We predict without hesitation, that with studying nature, which will mature his taste, and persever- ance in his present line, that he will attain the greatest em- inence in his profession. Mr. Tisdale, a miniature painter studied under Colonel Trumbull, and besides portraits, delineates small pictures of humorous and familiar characer. From one or two spe- cimens of this kind, we should suppose he would be very successful in subjects which employed most of the painters of the Flemish school. Mr. Corny, an Italian, has resided here many years, and is well known as painter of marine subjects. His portraits of ships are remarkable for the accuracy and freshness of their delineation. In the Panoramick views of the actions at Plattsburg and on Lake Champlain, the first picture of the scenes, representing the squadrons coming into action, was not only distinguished for this talent of painting ships, but for the beauty of the surrounding scenery and back ground, which made it as a whole a most beautiful picture. In his particular department, he can hardly be surpassed. Mr. Willard is a self-taught artist, who possesses a capa- city for sculpture of no ordinary kind. He has lately been employed in carving the ornaments of two or three ships: among them the Courier and the Hindu, which have lately sailed from Boston. In viewing the freedom, the grace and harmonious design of these ornaments, it was impossible not to regret that his talents should not be exercised on more noble and durable materials. The gentlemen who pa- tronized bin in this way, have however rendered him a ser- vice, as it developes his ability, and gives him practice, but it may he hoped that he will be hereafter occupied in higher branches of sculptnre.* Besides these works, from looking * Some may object perhaps that carving in wood, is very different from sculpture in marble. A mere ordinary carver might be unsuccessful in marble, hut real talent is wasted in working upon wood. The process 1816.1 Jn~titutjon for the Fine Arts. 161 at some architectural and other drawings, we have conceiv- ed a hi ~h opinion of his natural talents for the ails. Mr. Willard only wants that practice, which the encoura~ement and employment of the publick would give him, to becone a scu!ptor of eminence. We have seen some original paintings and some copies of Mr. .Jones, which gave very favourable indications. Finding but little encouragement, and no advantages for improving himself here, he went last year to Philadelphia, to study the casts and paintings, in the institution of that city. Besides these artists already name(l, there is Mr. Greenwood, and Mr. Coles, portrait painters, Mr. Doyle, a miniature painter, and perhaps others, besides engravers. The list given is a very hasty and no doubt imperfect one; but it is certainly suffi- cient to shew that it is not the want of artists,* which should prevent our commencing an institution that would affor(1 then the advantages of studying the best models; and the publick an opportunity of beholJing, of cheering, and ye- warding their labours. Artists should also not forget, that they have duties to per- form, and that this in the end will serve their interest, as the performance of duty always does. They should feel some- thiug of a tni~sionarq spirit, they should by their exertions, and multiplying their performances, endeavour to excite the taste of the publick. They should be satisfied with mode. rate prices at first ; recollecting, that as taste is multiplied the competition of amateurs will in future raise them. The high prices sometimes given for pictures in Europe, h~ s of- ten created delusion. Such prices, are the prizes in a lot- of the sculptor is as follows he first makes a drawing of the work he contemplates, he then uiodels it in clay; this model he transfrrs to marble, the latter operation, though of some nicety, is merely a me- chanical process. Mr. Willard observed to th3 writer, that he c.mld cx- eclite much better in marble, than in such a course material as wood; just, said he, as a man can write better on white paper than on brown.. * We have not mentioned Mr. Allston, now in Enoland. It there was any prospect of the publick being awakened to a disposition to en- courage the arts, he would no doubt return to reside amoug us ; we knew his strong love of country, that he is one of those of whom it may be said, Au c~ur~ biert nes que ta paine est c~men! and lie would find many friends to cherish and admire him. His accomplished education, the profound knowledge he has acquired in studying for years in all the great schools of art in Europe, would make his experience and science, though a young artist himself; of the greatest importance to a new in~- stitution here. Vol. 11. No. .5. 16~2 IasLdUltOti for the Fine Arts. (January, tory abounding in blanks, and to obtain them, great good for- tone is often as necessary, as great talents. An institution for the fine arts, would promote and im- prove the knowledge of architecture; this would indeed be one of its main objectA. Perhaps no country needs melioration in this branch more than the United States. Private houses, churches, and other publick buildings are constantly erecting; and how few of these ever approach to perfection in either beauty or convenience. The town owes much to the skill and taste of Charles Bulfinch, Esq. who planned many of the publick and private buildings ; but who has too often had to complain that his plans were alter- ed and mutilated by the narrow means, or narrow views, of those who had the control. An opportunity would be of- fered by an institution of this kind to have an exposition of lans,of rivate houses in town and country, of churches, reward c.A might be offered for the best, and persons going to build, would be glad to have a chance or seeing different plans, and pay the architect for those they might select. A school of architecture is one of which at this mc- went we have the greatest need. it would be a disagreea- ble task to point out some of the blunders that have been committed in different private or publick buildings in our tons; or to show how grossly all considerations of climate, of situation, and requisite accommodation of the tenant have been overlooked. In the country, how oils do you see a square brick house three stories in height, as destitute of comfort as of elegance in its appearance, with four tall chimnies, cue at each corner, looking as awkward as a ma- hogany table laid on its back with the legs in the air. A few miles from town on the edge of one of the turnpike roads, a man has built a brick housefour stories high pith a base- ment story9 It is not an uncommon idea with. persons who are building houses in the country to think a house three stories high looks dignified; thus mistaking one of the greatest deformities in architecture, owing its origin to the crowded population and dearness of land in cities, and one of the greatest inconveniences ip domestick edifices, for beauty and advantage. Improvement in architecture, has been one of the greatest advantages attending such institu tions in Europe. In esti~nating the importance of an Institution for promot- ing the fine arts, other consequences than the pleasures de~ 1816.] lustilution for the Fine Arts. 163 wived from contemplatiag the sublime snd beautiful produc- tions of painting and sculpture, should be considered. Their influence is widely diffused, and is felt in many of the pro ductions of more humble industry. A variety of manufac- tures are greatly benefited by them, and their value in this respect is fully understood in England and France. Be- sides engravings, and drawings of natural history, there are a variety of articles under the general name of toys, that we now import from Europe, and the quantity of which is of course increasing every year, which we might make at home not only for our own consumption, but for the supply of other states. The knowledge of drawing and colouring, the taste and skill to invent and vary patterns and designs, naturally emanates from an establishment for the higher clas- ses of the arts. To men incapable ot severe labour, to fe- males and children, the means of employment in a pleasing and honourable industry would be afforded; and the re- sources of the country increased by creating among our- selves those objects for which we are now tributary to for- eign countries. Indeed the arts themselves may in some respects be regarded as a species of manufactures, of man- ufactures too that will not introduce a coarse, wretched, pau- per population, but a class of men who wili themselves add to the ornament, the refinement, and the dignity of society. On all the noble and elevated uses of the fine arts, we shall not here enlarge. Their tendency is to purify, adorn, and elevate every country where they are cherished. They have furnished, in all ages and in all civilized countries, one of the excitements, as well as the most durable memorials, of valour, genius, and beneficence. Weyet owe even Wash- ington a monument, and we must now depend on Foreign artists to execute it. A school of the arts, in cultivating the talents that can preserve the features and portray the ac- tions of our great and good men, will houour the nation and prompt its citizens to illustrious deeds of heroism or benev- olence. The sculptured tomb which protects the ashes, the simple engraving which on the walls of every parlour de- lineates the actions of patriotism or humanity, have be en found among all nations to be one of the incentives, one of the sweetest rewards, to genius and virtue. The p lan suggested, among a few gentlemen who met to- gether or this object, was to hire some large publick room, to procure from Paris casts of all the busts and statues which I U4 Letter from Mr. Adams [January were in the gallery of the Louvre ;* and to place them in proper order in Ihis room, where the artists should have a free right to study and copy them. To devote a part of this room to an annual exhibition of the works of American artists, where they might be exposed to ihe publi k, and the same t~cilities for the sale of them, as in the exhibitions of Europe. That all the receipts from admission, as iveil as the interest of any surplus funds that might remain from the original subscription, should be devoted every year to the purchase of the works dent by the different artisis for exhi- bition, which should be added to the permanent collection of the Museum. In this way a considerable sum mighi be expended in purchasing the works of our artists, besides what might be bought by individuals. Several gentlemen have already promised their subscription, and it may be hoped that the publick at large will approve of the design. FOR THE NORTH-AMERIcAN JOURNAL. The life o? Dr. Rchard Price, by William Morgan, F. It. has been published very recently in London.t As a piece of Biography it is not remarkably well written. It con- tains some extracts from letters from Dr. Franklin, Dr. Rush, and Arthur Lee, and mentions that he had a con- stant correspondence with Mr. Jefferson, while the latter was ambassadour in France. A selection fiom the corres~ pondence between Dr. Price, and so many eminent men in diff~rent countries, would for~n an interesting volume. Mr. Mor~an alludes in a dissatisfied tone, to an answer Dr. Price received from President Adams, to a letter which he * A gentleman now in Paris, who was one of the promoters of this plan, no. only promised his subscription, but that he would take charge of purchasing and shipping the objects at the least expense possible to this country. j Since writin~ these few lines, we have seen the 49th Number of the Edinburgh Review, in which there is an article that does justice to this meagre work of Mr. .X~or~an. The Ibilowing remark is made relative to this letter. The letter of Mr. John Adams, in which, he spoke with contempt of the French P.evolution at its commencement, and fore- told the destruction of a million of human hem ~s as its probable eon- sequence, certainly deserved put)lication, much better than those very tiwl~h invectives aoains{ Mr. Eurke. in which Air. Mor~an de- scribe him as possessed by some demon of the nether regions, and, as a man whose passions had deranged his understanding. 1816.1 to Dr. Price. I 6i4 bad written him, accompanying a copy of hi~ century dis- course commemorating the English revolution, in which he indulged in sanguine expectations of the French revolution then commencing. The book having been shewn to Mr~ Adams, he consented that the letter should be copied, to prevent any misconception, and we are indebted to a friend for the honour of publishing this copy. Our readers, on observing the date particularly, will be more struck with its contents. The venerable writer was one of the very few persons, who, either in europe or America, foresaw the consequences of the revolution in its very outset, of which this letter is a most remarkable proof. Ye are extremely p!eased at being able to gratify our readers with such a document of this great Statesman. [Ed.] Extract from Morgans Life of Dr. Price, P 157. The hopes and expectations of the friends of freedom at this time, appear to have been raised to an extraordi- nary height, and particularly those of Dr. Price. Nay, so well assured was he of the establishment of a free consti- tution in France, and of the subsequent overthrow of des- potism throughout Europe as the consequence of it, that he never failed to express his gratitude to Heaven for having extended his life to the present happy period, in which after sharing the benefits of one revolution, he had been spared to he a witness to two other revolutions, both glorious. But some of his correspondents were not: quite so sanguine in their expectations from the last of these revolutions; and among these the late American am- bassador, Mr. John Adams. In a long letter which he wrote to D. Price at this time, so far from congratulating him on the occasion, he expresses himself in terms of con- tempt in regard to the French revolution ; and after askino rather too severely, what good was to be expected from a nation of Atheists, he concludes with foretelling the de- struction of a million of human beings as the probable con- sequence of it. These harsh censures and gloomy pie- dictions were particularly ungrateful to Dr. Price; nor can it be denied, that they uinst then have appeared as the eiYusions of a splenetic mini, rather than as the soLm~ reflections of an unbiassed und~rstaiw1ing. L~roin the nit- I t3t~ Letter from Mr. 4 dams [January, merous letters which he was continually receivin , from some of the most enlightened and respectable persons ilk France, as well as from the general tenor of their proceed- in~s in the National Assembly, Dr. Price had every re to entertain a very different opinion from that of Mr. Adams. Copy of a lctlerfrom Mr. Adams to Dr. Price. KEW-VORK, APRIL 19, 1790. MY DEAR FRIEND, Accept of my best thanks for your favour of Feb. 1st. and the excellent I)iscourse that came wirb it. I love the zeal and the spirit which dictated this Discourse, and admire the general sentiments of it. From the year 1760 to this hour, the whole scope of my life has b Cii to support such principles and propagate such sentiments. No sacrifices of myself or my family, no dan~ers, no Is ours have been too much for me in this great cause. The Re- volution in France could not therefore be indifferent to me. But I have learned by awful experience, to rejoice with trembling. I know that Encyclopedists and Economists, Diderot and DAlembert, Voltaire and Rousseau, have con- tributed to this great event more than Locke, Sidney, or Hoadley, and perhaps more than the American Revolution. And I own to x ou I know not what to make of a Republic, of thirty millions of Atheists. The Constitution is but an experiment, and must and will be altered. I know it to be impossible thai France should be long governed by it. If the Soverei~nty is to reside in one; the King, the Princes of the blood, and prin- cipal quality, will g~overn it at their pleasure, as long as they can agree. When they differ, they will go to war, and act over again all the Tragedies of the Valois, Bour- bons, Lorrains, Guises and Coligns two hundred years ago. The Greeks sung the praises of IIrmodins and Aristo- ~iton for restoring equal lax s.Too many Frenchmen, after the example of two many Americans, pant for equality of Persons and Property. The impracticability of this, Uod Almighty has decreed, and the advocates for liberty who attempt it will surely suffer for it. I thank you, Sir, for your kind compliment.As it has been the great aim of my life to be useful ; if I had any rea~

I t3t~ Letter from Mr. 4 dams [January, merous letters which he was continually receivin , from some of the most enlightened and respectable persons ilk France, as well as from the general tenor of their proceed- in~s in the National Assembly, Dr. Price had every re to entertain a very different opinion from that of Mr. Adams. Copy of a lctlerfrom Mr. Adams to Dr. Price. KEW-VORK, APRIL 19, 1790. MY DEAR FRIEND, Accept of my best thanks for your favour of Feb. 1st. and the excellent I)iscourse that came wirb it. I love the zeal and the spirit which dictated this Discourse, and admire the general sentiments of it. From the year 1760 to this hour, the whole scope of my life has b Cii to support such principles and propagate such sentiments. No sacrifices of myself or my family, no dan~ers, no Is ours have been too much for me in this great cause. The Re- volution in France could not therefore be indifferent to me. But I have learned by awful experience, to rejoice with trembling. I know that Encyclopedists and Economists, Diderot and DAlembert, Voltaire and Rousseau, have con- tributed to this great event more than Locke, Sidney, or Hoadley, and perhaps more than the American Revolution. And I own to x ou I know not what to make of a Republic, of thirty millions of Atheists. The Constitution is but an experiment, and must and will be altered. I know it to be impossible thai France should be long governed by it. If the Soverei~nty is to reside in one; the King, the Princes of the blood, and prin- cipal quality, will g~overn it at their pleasure, as long as they can agree. When they differ, they will go to war, and act over again all the Tragedies of the Valois, Bour- bons, Lorrains, Guises and Coligns two hundred years ago. The Greeks sung the praises of IIrmodins and Aristo- ~iton for restoring equal lax s.Too many Frenchmen, after the example of two many Americans, pant for equality of Persons and Property. The impracticability of this, Uod Almighty has decreed, and the advocates for liberty who attempt it will surely suffer for it. I thank you, Sir, for your kind compliment.As it has been the great aim of my life to be useful ; if I had any rea~ 1816.] to Dr. Price. 16T son to think I was so, as you seem to suppose, it would make tie happy. For eminence I care nothing.For though I pretend not to be exempt from ambition, or any other human passion, I have been convinced from my in- fancy, and have been confirmed every year and day of my life, that the mechanic and peasant are happier than any nobleman or magistrate or king; and that the higher a man rises, if he has any sense of duty, the more anxious he must be. Our new Government is a new attempt to divide a Sove- reignty. A fresh essay at Imperiurn in irnperio. It can- not therefore be expected to be very slable or very firm. it will prevent us for a time from drawing our swords upon each other; and when it will do that no longer, we must call a Convention to reform it. The difileulty of bringing millions to agree in any mea- sures, to act by any rule, can never be conceived by him who has not tried it. It is incredible how small is the num- ber in any nation of those, who comprehend any system of Constitution, or Administration; and those few it is wholly impossible to unite. I am a sincere inquirer after truth.But I find very few who discover the same truths. The King of Prussia has found one, which has also fallen in my way; That it is the peculiar quality of the human understanding, that exam- pIe should correct no man; the blunders of the Fathers are lost to their Children, and every generation must coin- mit its own. I have never sacrificed my judgment to Kings, Ministers, nor People, and I never will. When either shall see as I do, I shall rejoice in their protection, aid, and honour; but I see no prospect that either will ever think as I do, and therefore I shall never be a favourite with either. I do not desire to be. But I sincerely wish and devoutly pray, that a hundred years of civil wars, may not be the portion of all Europe, for the want of a little attention to the true elements of the science of government. With sentiments, moral sentiments, which are and must be eternal, I am your friend, JOHN ADAMS. PR. PRICE, Hackney. 186 Miscellaneous Extracts [January~, FOR THE RTH-AMERICAa JOURNAL. Miscellaneous Extracts from Foreign Jou#~nals. In the Eclectick Review for September, there is an arti- cle on a sermon preached at 1~eeds, on occasion of the cx- ecution of Mr. Joseph Blackburn, attorney at law, for for- gery, by Richard Winter Hamilton, minister of Albioti Chapel, 4th. edition. The Reviewers are very indignant at this sermon, for which they gave various substantial iea- sons. The preacher is very much admired at Leeds, and his sermon had gone through four edit ifins. The criticks make only one extract, which they say is a fair specimen of the whole, in which case this must be a very remarkable dis- course. They introduce their quotation by saying :-~ to ii- lustrate the progressive nature of sin, Mr. Hamilton says. If the character throws itself into any particular attitude, it is difficult to recover the naWral posture ; and, though the singularity might arise from merely an accidental cause, yet it may require some lengthened process to rectify.~- Through the influence of habit,feeling may strain it front its native scope, and the powers of the constitution be wrenched from their original sockets, the machinery of the mind, as it isftrst thrown into action, works throlAgh a roughness of wheel and stubbornness of spring, with jar- ring and confounding attrition; hut when the action is c~onUnued, the philosophic chimera of perpetual motion is .~ealized and co?~ftrmed. And when habits are formed up- on evil passions and principles, it is impossible to calculate on their mischievous extent. We have then to grapple, not ;nerely with the strength of our depravity, but with the disadvantages of a prepared barrier and circumvallation- We have then to resist, not an enemy conscious of its injus~ tice, but a commonwealth that relies upon precedent, and is regulated by law. Ah! the will is aiways volatile to sin, why should we then fan its heats and accelerate its impulse. The mind always gravitates to evil) why thei~ should we multiply It5 tendency by additional weight and bias? Who would add momentum to an avalanche from the Andes, or wing with more cruel speed the bolt that hisses from the se. ret place of thunder ? The publick expenditure of Great Britain for the year ending January 5, 1815, was, by the returns laid before Par~ 1816.] from Foreign Journals. 160 liament, 1 1l,587,9841. 10. 5. Calculating this sum at five shillings for a dollar, it will make the annual expenditure in Dollars amount to 4TO,3~l,938. There are in England ninety-four publick libraries, eight in Scotland, and ten in ireland, making one hundred and twelve. These include those of the Colleges, Cathedrals~ and publick offices. THE KING OF NAPLES. Ferdinand 4th is in his fifty-sixth year; in his person he is tall and straight, rather thin than corpulent, his face is ve- ry long, his hair aad eyebrows white, and his countenance on the whole far from comely, but lighted up by an expres- sion of good nature and benignity that pleases more and lasts longer than symmetry of features. His manners are easy, his conversation affable, and his whole deportment (princes will pardon me if I presume to mention it as a compliment,) that of a thorough gentleman. With regard to mental en- dowments, nature seems to have placed him on a level with the great majority of mankind, that is, in a state of mediocrity, and without either defect or excellency; a state the best adapted to sovereign power, because the least likely to abuse it. If one degree below it, a monarch becomes the tool of every designing knave near his person, whether valet or minister ; if only one degree above it, he becomes restless and uninten1ion~Llly mischievous, like the Emperour Joseph; and if cursed with genius, he turns out like Fred- erick, a conquerour and a despot. But the good sense which Ferdinand derived from nature required the advan- tages of cultivation to develope and direct it; and of these advantages he was unfortunately deprived, in part perhaps by the early absence of his father, and in part by the negli- gence or design, first of his tutors, and afterwards, of his courtiers. Being raised to the throne in the eighth year of his age, and shortly after left by his father under the direc- tion of a regency, he cannot be supposed to be inclined, nor they capable of compelling him, to application. The result has been as usual, a great propensity to active exer- cises, and an aversion to studious pursuits. The ignorance which follows from these habits is such as to extend to arti- des, known among us to every person above daily labour, and it not unfrequently shews itself in cowversation, and l~e Vol. II. No. 5. 22

1816.] from Foreign Journals. 160 liament, 1 1l,587,9841. 10. 5. Calculating this sum at five shillings for a dollar, it will make the annual expenditure in Dollars amount to 4TO,3~l,938. There are in England ninety-four publick libraries, eight in Scotland, and ten in ireland, making one hundred and twelve. These include those of the Colleges, Cathedrals~ and publick offices. THE KING OF NAPLES. Ferdinand 4th is in his fifty-sixth year; in his person he is tall and straight, rather thin than corpulent, his face is ve- ry long, his hair aad eyebrows white, and his countenance on the whole far from comely, but lighted up by an expres- sion of good nature and benignity that pleases more and lasts longer than symmetry of features. His manners are easy, his conversation affable, and his whole deportment (princes will pardon me if I presume to mention it as a compliment,) that of a thorough gentleman. With regard to mental en- dowments, nature seems to have placed him on a level with the great majority of mankind, that is, in a state of mediocrity, and without either defect or excellency; a state the best adapted to sovereign power, because the least likely to abuse it. If one degree below it, a monarch becomes the tool of every designing knave near his person, whether valet or minister ; if only one degree above it, he becomes restless and uninten1ion~Llly mischievous, like the Emperour Joseph; and if cursed with genius, he turns out like Fred- erick, a conquerour and a despot. But the good sense which Ferdinand derived from nature required the advan- tages of cultivation to develope and direct it; and of these advantages he was unfortunately deprived, in part perhaps by the early absence of his father, and in part by the negli- gence or design, first of his tutors, and afterwards, of his courtiers. Being raised to the throne in the eighth year of his age, and shortly after left by his father under the direc- tion of a regency, he cannot be supposed to be inclined, nor they capable of compelling him, to application. The result has been as usual, a great propensity to active exer- cises, and an aversion to studious pursuits. The ignorance which follows from these habits is such as to extend to arti- des, known among us to every person above daily labour, and it not unfrequently shews itself in cowversation, and l~e Vol. II. No. 5. 22

1816.] from Foreign Journals. 160 liament, 1 1l,587,9841. 10. 5. Calculating this sum at five shillings for a dollar, it will make the annual expenditure in Dollars amount to 4TO,3~l,938. There are in England ninety-four publick libraries, eight in Scotland, and ten in ireland, making one hundred and twelve. These include those of the Colleges, Cathedrals~ and publick offices. THE KING OF NAPLES. Ferdinand 4th is in his fifty-sixth year; in his person he is tall and straight, rather thin than corpulent, his face is ve- ry long, his hair aad eyebrows white, and his countenance on the whole far from comely, but lighted up by an expres- sion of good nature and benignity that pleases more and lasts longer than symmetry of features. His manners are easy, his conversation affable, and his whole deportment (princes will pardon me if I presume to mention it as a compliment,) that of a thorough gentleman. With regard to mental en- dowments, nature seems to have placed him on a level with the great majority of mankind, that is, in a state of mediocrity, and without either defect or excellency; a state the best adapted to sovereign power, because the least likely to abuse it. If one degree below it, a monarch becomes the tool of every designing knave near his person, whether valet or minister ; if only one degree above it, he becomes restless and uninten1ion~Llly mischievous, like the Emperour Joseph; and if cursed with genius, he turns out like Fred- erick, a conquerour and a despot. But the good sense which Ferdinand derived from nature required the advan- tages of cultivation to develope and direct it; and of these advantages he was unfortunately deprived, in part perhaps by the early absence of his father, and in part by the negli- gence or design, first of his tutors, and afterwards, of his courtiers. Being raised to the throne in the eighth year of his age, and shortly after left by his father under the direc- tion of a regency, he cannot be supposed to be inclined, nor they capable of compelling him, to application. The result has been as usual, a great propensity to active exer- cises, and an aversion to studious pursuits. The ignorance which follows from these habits is such as to extend to arti- des, known among us to every person above daily labour, and it not unfrequently shews itself in cowversation, and l~e Vol. II. No. 5. 22 1 i~O Miscellaneous Extracts [January, trays his majesty into mistakes that sometimes startle even weil-~ rained courtiers. Thus, mention being accidentally made in his presence of the great power of the Turks some centuries ago, he observed, that it was no wonder, as alt the world were Turks b~fore the birth of our ~Saviour. Upon another occasion ,when the cruel execution of Louis 16th, then recent, happening to be the subject of conversa- tion, one of the courtiers remarked, that it was the second crime of that kind that stained the annals of modern Europe; the King asked with surprise, where such a deed had been perpetrated before; the courtier replying, in England. Ferdinand asked with a look of disbelief, what King of Eng- land was ever put to death by his people? The other of course answering, Charles 1st; his Majesty exclaimed, with some degree of warmth and indignation, No, Sir, it is impossible, you are misinformed ; the English are too loyal and too brave a people to be guilty of such an atro- cious a crime. He added depend upon it, Sir, it is a mere tale trumped up by the Jacobins at Paris to excuse their own guilt by the example of so great a nation; it may do very well to deceive their own people, but will not I hope, dupe us.Monthly Magazine. PROPHECY ON REFORM. When a lawyer sheds tears while hes striking a docket; When assessors heave sighs while they empty your pocket; When reviewers feel pangs like the authors they cut up; When conscience for sale shall no longer be put up; When placemen, unaskd, throw up ~inecures; When any quack medicine performs any cures; When women of eighty confess theyre in years; When they make such confession without shedding tears; When poor curates thrive while fat Bishops get skinny; When a note with a shilling is preferred to a guinea; When theres peace because tyrants are weary of killing; When a good thumping loafs to be had for a shilling; When like cattle at market, base voters arnt sold; When tea scandal ceases, and fish fags dont scold; When true taste shall sutThr no more like a martyr; When Shakespeares preferrJ to Timour the Tartar; When ales made again from good malt and hops; When Corn Jews are found to rejoice at good crops; When Butchers, dear souls! lowr the pr Ce of their chops;

1 i~O Miscellaneous Extracts [January, trays his majesty into mistakes that sometimes startle even weil-~ rained courtiers. Thus, mention being accidentally made in his presence of the great power of the Turks some centuries ago, he observed, that it was no wonder, as alt the world were Turks b~fore the birth of our ~Saviour. Upon another occasion ,when the cruel execution of Louis 16th, then recent, happening to be the subject of conversa- tion, one of the courtiers remarked, that it was the second crime of that kind that stained the annals of modern Europe; the King asked with surprise, where such a deed had been perpetrated before; the courtier replying, in England. Ferdinand asked with a look of disbelief, what King of Eng- land was ever put to death by his people? The other of course answering, Charles 1st; his Majesty exclaimed, with some degree of warmth and indignation, No, Sir, it is impossible, you are misinformed ; the English are too loyal and too brave a people to be guilty of such an atro- cious a crime. He added depend upon it, Sir, it is a mere tale trumped up by the Jacobins at Paris to excuse their own guilt by the example of so great a nation; it may do very well to deceive their own people, but will not I hope, dupe us.Monthly Magazine. PROPHECY ON REFORM. When a lawyer sheds tears while hes striking a docket; When assessors heave sighs while they empty your pocket; When reviewers feel pangs like the authors they cut up; When conscience for sale shall no longer be put up; When placemen, unaskd, throw up ~inecures; When any quack medicine performs any cures; When women of eighty confess theyre in years; When they make such confession without shedding tears; When poor curates thrive while fat Bishops get skinny; When a note with a shilling is preferred to a guinea; When theres peace because tyrants are weary of killing; When a good thumping loafs to be had for a shilling; When like cattle at market, base voters arnt sold; When tea scandal ceases, and fish fags dont scold; When true taste shall sutThr no more like a martyr; When Shakespeares preferrJ to Timour the Tartar; When ales made again from good malt and hops; When Corn Jews are found to rejoice at good crops; When Butchers, dear souls! lowr the pr Ce of their chops; 1818.~ from Foreign Journals. 171 When truth shall no longer be deemed a foul libel; When men follow precepts they preach from the Bible; When symptoms like these shall be seen through the land; Theyll seem to portend, A reform is at hand. Morning Chronicle. THE LATE SPANISH GENERAL PORLIER. is His Excellency Don Juan Diez Poulier about thirty years of age, small in person, thin, but of a handsome appear- ance. He is nephew of the late Minister Porlier, Marquis de Baxamar. He served as a midshipman in the battle of Trafalgar. He first became known in the late war against the tyranny of Buonaparte, by collecting a handful of de- serters from the actions in Castile under General Cuesta, with which only amounting to thirty men, he attacked fifty French advantageously posted near the city of Palencin, whom he killed or took and presented to the Junta of Astu- rias. The latter then gave him the rank of Colonel, and he immediately formed a Guerilla corps, called Cuerpo Franco, with which he did prodigies of valour against the enemy. This corps afterwards became a respectable (liVision. What gave him most credit in the time of the provincial Juntas, was his retreat from St. Andero, surrounded by four times his number of enemies, from whom he escaped, and even took and killed some of the French. This actioPf covered Porlier with glory, and Ballasteros with shanw, who made a disgraceful retreat to Gijon, in conse- quence of which that part of the country was abandoned. The other illustrious actions of Porlier are contained in the publick papers of that day. He was latterly made a Marie- cal de Campo (Major-General) and his character is frank and noble. He is also a man of great energy and readiness, as is proved by what happened between him and the Mar- chioness of Matarosa; to whose daughter he is now marri- ed. The Marchioness was proud and haughty, and before she consented to the marriage of her daughter, she required Porlier to exhibit his titles of nobility. To the person sent to wait on him with this request, Porlier answered Tell the Marchioness from me that my name is Jrr~N DIEz POR- SLIER, and I require to know whether her daughter is to be married to me or to my parchments; if to the latter,.they may both go to the Devil.3lorning Chronicle.

1818.~ from Foreign Journals. 171 When truth shall no longer be deemed a foul libel; When men follow precepts they preach from the Bible; When symptoms like these shall be seen through the land; Theyll seem to portend, A reform is at hand. Morning Chronicle. THE LATE SPANISH GENERAL PORLIER. is His Excellency Don Juan Diez Poulier about thirty years of age, small in person, thin, but of a handsome appear- ance. He is nephew of the late Minister Porlier, Marquis de Baxamar. He served as a midshipman in the battle of Trafalgar. He first became known in the late war against the tyranny of Buonaparte, by collecting a handful of de- serters from the actions in Castile under General Cuesta, with which only amounting to thirty men, he attacked fifty French advantageously posted near the city of Palencin, whom he killed or took and presented to the Junta of Astu- rias. The latter then gave him the rank of Colonel, and he immediately formed a Guerilla corps, called Cuerpo Franco, with which he did prodigies of valour against the enemy. This corps afterwards became a respectable (liVision. What gave him most credit in the time of the provincial Juntas, was his retreat from St. Andero, surrounded by four times his number of enemies, from whom he escaped, and even took and killed some of the French. This actioPf covered Porlier with glory, and Ballasteros with shanw, who made a disgraceful retreat to Gijon, in conse- quence of which that part of the country was abandoned. The other illustrious actions of Porlier are contained in the publick papers of that day. He was latterly made a Marie- cal de Campo (Major-General) and his character is frank and noble. He is also a man of great energy and readiness, as is proved by what happened between him and the Mar- chioness of Matarosa; to whose daughter he is now marri- ed. The Marchioness was proud and haughty, and before she consented to the marriage of her daughter, she required Porlier to exhibit his titles of nobility. To the person sent to wait on him with this request, Porlier answered Tell the Marchioness from me that my name is Jrr~N DIEz POR- SLIER, and I require to know whether her daughter is to be married to me or to my parchments; if to the latter,.they may both go to the Devil.3lorning Chronicle. 172 Miscellaneous Extracts ~January INSCRIBED TO AN ALDERMAN. Duin rediens fugat astra Phoebus, Hor. 0. 21. lib. 3. KNOW ye the land where the leaf of the myrtle Is bestowed on good livers in eating sublime? Where the race for fat venson, and love of the turtle~ Preside oer the realms of an Epicure clime? Know ye the land where the juice of the vine, Makes Aldermen learned and Bishops divine? Where each Corporation, deep fiushd with its bloom, Waxes fat oer the eyes of the clarets perfume? Thick spread is the table with choicest of fruit, And the voice of the reveller never is mute: Their rich robes, though varied, in beauty may vie, Yet the purple of Bacehus is deepest in dye Tis the clime of the EAsTthe return of the sun Looks down on the deeds which his children have done; Then wild is the note and discordant the yell, When reeling and staggering, they hiccupfarewell. Morning Chronicle.. April 10th, died in Connaught-Place, aged 70, G. Ellis, Esq. of Sunning-Hill: by which event society and literature have been deprived of one of their ornaments, and his friends have lost a man peculiarly formed to feel and inspire the warmest sentiments of friendship. One of his earliest atteml)ts in literature was a share in the celebrated series of political satires, entitled The Rolliad, also Probationary Odes, & c. Mr. Ellis was the writer of that severe and unjust invective against Mr. Pitt, in the second number of the Rolliad, which begins Pert without fire, without experience sage. Tie afterwards changed his political connexions; but it was not till after his return from Lille, whither he had gone in 1797, with his friend Lord Malmesbury, that he became personally acquainted with Mr. Pitt. At the first interview two men of wit, the friends of both, amused themselves with allusions to the Rolliad, which as they probably in- tended, visibly embarrassed Mr. Ellis. Mr. Pitt turned

172 Miscellaneous Extracts ~January INSCRIBED TO AN ALDERMAN. Duin rediens fugat astra Phoebus, Hor. 0. 21. lib. 3. KNOW ye the land where the leaf of the myrtle Is bestowed on good livers in eating sublime? Where the race for fat venson, and love of the turtle~ Preside oer the realms of an Epicure clime? Know ye the land where the juice of the vine, Makes Aldermen learned and Bishops divine? Where each Corporation, deep fiushd with its bloom, Waxes fat oer the eyes of the clarets perfume? Thick spread is the table with choicest of fruit, And the voice of the reveller never is mute: Their rich robes, though varied, in beauty may vie, Yet the purple of Bacehus is deepest in dye Tis the clime of the EAsTthe return of the sun Looks down on the deeds which his children have done; Then wild is the note and discordant the yell, When reeling and staggering, they hiccupfarewell. Morning Chronicle.. April 10th, died in Connaught-Place, aged 70, G. Ellis, Esq. of Sunning-Hill: by which event society and literature have been deprived of one of their ornaments, and his friends have lost a man peculiarly formed to feel and inspire the warmest sentiments of friendship. One of his earliest atteml)ts in literature was a share in the celebrated series of political satires, entitled The Rolliad, also Probationary Odes, & c. Mr. Ellis was the writer of that severe and unjust invective against Mr. Pitt, in the second number of the Rolliad, which begins Pert without fire, without experience sage. Tie afterwards changed his political connexions; but it was not till after his return from Lille, whither he had gone in 1797, with his friend Lord Malmesbury, that he became personally acquainted with Mr. Pitt. At the first interview two men of wit, the friends of both, amused themselves with allusions to the Rolliad, which as they probably in- tended, visibly embarrassed Mr. Ellis. Mr. Pitt turned

172 Miscellaneous Extracts ~January INSCRIBED TO AN ALDERMAN. Duin rediens fugat astra Phoebus, Hor. 0. 21. lib. 3. KNOW ye the land where the leaf of the myrtle Is bestowed on good livers in eating sublime? Where the race for fat venson, and love of the turtle~ Preside oer the realms of an Epicure clime? Know ye the land where the juice of the vine, Makes Aldermen learned and Bishops divine? Where each Corporation, deep fiushd with its bloom, Waxes fat oer the eyes of the clarets perfume? Thick spread is the table with choicest of fruit, And the voice of the reveller never is mute: Their rich robes, though varied, in beauty may vie, Yet the purple of Bacehus is deepest in dye Tis the clime of the EAsTthe return of the sun Looks down on the deeds which his children have done; Then wild is the note and discordant the yell, When reeling and staggering, they hiccupfarewell. Morning Chronicle.. April 10th, died in Connaught-Place, aged 70, G. Ellis, Esq. of Sunning-Hill: by which event society and literature have been deprived of one of their ornaments, and his friends have lost a man peculiarly formed to feel and inspire the warmest sentiments of friendship. One of his earliest atteml)ts in literature was a share in the celebrated series of political satires, entitled The Rolliad, also Probationary Odes, & c. Mr. Ellis was the writer of that severe and unjust invective against Mr. Pitt, in the second number of the Rolliad, which begins Pert without fire, without experience sage. Tie afterwards changed his political connexions; but it was not till after his return from Lille, whither he had gone in 1797, with his friend Lord Malmesbury, that he became personally acquainted with Mr. Pitt. At the first interview two men of wit, the friends of both, amused themselves with allusions to the Rolliad, which as they probably in- tended, visibly embarrassed Mr. Ellis. Mr. Pitt turned 1816.] from Foreign Journals. 178 round, and with a smile said, in a manner full of grace and good humour, Immo age, et a prima die hospes origine nobis. He instantly relieved Mr. Ellis from his embarrassment; and both were probably afterwards amused by the applica- tions which the verses immediately following might have suggested. Insidias inquit Danai~m, casusque tuorum, Erroresque tuos. To pardon political pleasantries, or even invectives, is an effort of placability, which did not require so safe and unas- sailable a greatness as that of Mr. Pitt. it was Mr. Elliss singular fortune to have been also engaged in another col- lection of political pleasantries, The Anti-Jacobin, with two colleagues of brilliant talents, with whom he continued in affectionate friendship the rest of his life. In 1790, he published the first edition of the Specimens of Early Eng- lish Poetry, which, with the enlarged edition in 1801, and the Specimens of Early English Romances, formed an important contribution towards that growing study of our ancient literature, which has breathed a youthful spirit into English Poetry. His Essays on the formation and progress of the English language are models of abridgment, in which useful information is shortly and modestly communicated, without inaccuracy or obscurity on the one hand, and with- out preteution or pedantry on the other. In the abridg- ment of the old Romances, these prolix tales are rendered more amusing by a gentle sneer, which is constantly visible through the serious narrative, and which enlivens the peru- sal without destroying the interest. In the preface and appendix to the tabliaux of his friend Mr. Way, are to be found some of the purest and most classical passages of Addisonian composition which this age has produced. Mr. Ellis had been employed some time on a life of the late Mr. Windham, which was intended to accompany some works of that gentleman. The latter years of his life were embittered by maladies, which his virtues, and the friend- ship that they, still more than his talents, had procured, happily enabled him to endure with cheerful patience. Literar3j Panorama. 174 I~iiscellaneou