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A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875
U.S. Serial Set --CONTENTS.
REPORT OF A JOURNEY ACROSS THE ANDES AND PAMPAS OF THE ARGENTINE PROVINCES.
BY LIEUTENANT ARCHIBALD MACRAE.
FROM SANTIAGO TO MENDOZA, BY THE USPALLATA PASS.
Occupation pending my departure, 1; Difficulty in making arrangements for animals, 2; Departure, 3; Santa Rosa, 3; Chacra de Montumas, 4; Preparation of food for the mountains, 4; Santa Rosa, 4; Estero de las Cruces, 5; Laderas, 5; Casuchas, 5; Glacier, 5; Ojos de Agua, 6; Alto de la Laguna, 6; Mountain lake, 6; Cumbre, 6; Puna, 7; Contrabandistas, 7; Contrast between the two sides of the mountain, 8; Casucha de los Puquios, 8; Difference between the streams on the two sides of the pass, 8; Fate of the contrabandistas, 8; Hospitality of the arrieros, 9; Inca's bridge, 9; Cerro de los Penitentes, 10; Tupungato, 10; Ladera de las Polvaderas, 10; Ladera de las Cortaderas, 10; False sunset, 12; Uspallata, 12; Instance of the value of Madrinas, 12; Villavicensio, 13; The plain, 13; Mocking birds, 13; Arrive at Mendoza, 13; Streams passed in the mountains, 14; Animals and birds, 14.
MENDOZA.
Plan of the town, 15; Alameda, 15; Sanjon, 15; Bridges, churches, and convents, 15; Style of building, 15; Cheapness of living, 16; Government, 16; Health, 16; Goitre, 16; Agricultural resources, 16; Number of cattle sent to Chile, 17; Crimes, 17; Democracy of the billiard-room, 17; Market, 18; Modes of crossing the country, 18; Galeras, 18; Two-wheel carts, 18; Ox-carts, 18; Mule trains, 19; Post-horses, 20.
FROM MENDOZA TO SAN LUIS DE LA PUNTA.
Leave Mendoza, 21; Our party, 21; Chacra of the Aldaos, 21; Hospitality of the Señora, 22; Water of the Tunuyan, 22; El Retamo, 22; San Isidro, 22; Lombardy poplars, 22; Santa Rosa, 22; A fall, 22; River Tunuyan, 23; Acorocorto, 23; Mishaps, 23; Poetry of the peons, 24; Desaguadero, 24; Las Tortugas, 24; Locusts, 24; Represa, 24; View of the Cordillera, 25; The Bebedero, 25: El Balde, 25; The represa, 25; Arrive at San Luis, 25; An enormous nose, 26; Separate from my companions, 26; Portrait of Don Manuel, 26; San Luis, 26; Population, 26; General appearance, 26; Soldiers' costume, 26; Health, 27; Hotel, 27; Mistake of the cook, 27; Cultivation, 27; Cochineal, 28; Gold mines, 28.
FROM SAN LUIS TO ROSARIO.
Leave San Luis, 29; Nature of the country, 29; Our party, 29; Rio Quinto, 29; San José del Morro, 30; Fortifications, 30: Church without a priest, 30; Population, 30; A New Yorker, 30; Wild horses, 30; Biscachas, 30; Biscachas, 30; Indolence of the arriero strikingly illustrated, 31; Achiras, 31; Villa de la Concepcion, 32; Appearance, 32; Population, 32; Don Martin Queñon, 32:
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Statistical table, 32; My landlord, 32; An adventure, 33; Adventures of a Dutch cheese, 33; Indians, 34; Christian captives among them, 34; Difficulty of obtaining information, 34; Presents from them rather expensive, 35; Agricultural productions, 35; Hail-storms, 35; Biscachas, 35; Locusts, 35; Christmas day, 35; Leave the Villa de la Concepcion, 35; Rio Cuarto, 35; Unenclosed corn-fields, 35; Huts of herdsmen, 35; La Reduccion, 35; Sickness of one of the mules, 36; Novel cure, 36; Vipers, 37; Ostrich's nest, 37; Mosquitos, 37; Gluttony of the arriero, 37; Difficulty of obtaining food, 37; Peje Tree station, 37; Almost perfect horizon, 38; Saladillo de Rui Diaz, 38; Fortifications of the Cabeza del Tigre post-house, 39; Rio Tercero, 39; Desmochados, 39; Superstition of the people, 39; Arrive at Rosario, 40.
ROSARIO, AND A VOYAGE TO THE UNITED STATES, AND BACK.
Description of Rosario, 41; Commerce, 41; Dangers of the road across the pampa, 41; Voyage down the river, 42; Vessel load of friars, 42; Bird called the "Bien te Veo," 42; Return to the United States, 43; Obtain permission to retrace my steps, 43; Sail for Montevideo, 43; An over-religious fellow-passenger, 43; Arrive in the Rio de la Plata, 43; Voyage to Rosario, 43; Hampered with a Frenchman, 43; New impressions of Rosario, 43; Difficulty of obtaining conveyance to Mendoza, 44.
FROM ROSARIO TO MENDOZA.
Leave Rosario by post, 45; Post-houses, 45; Armadillos, 46; Saladillo de Rui Diaz, 46: Fraile Muerto, 46; Family of the Comandante, 46; Village school, 47; Master of the post at the Arroyo de San José, 47; Violent thunder-storm, and extraordinary discharges of electricity, 48; Villa de la Concepcion, 49; The landlord and his companion, 49; Labors of the vessel-load of friars, 49; San José, 49; San Luis, 50; Boiling-point apparatus, 50; Colonel Baigorri, 50; El Balde, 50; Catch a Tartar, 50; Acorocorto, 51; My man Don Marcos, 51; The Frenchman's falls accounted for, 52; Arrive in Mendoza, 52.--Resumé: Nature of the country, 52; Agriculture, 52; Rivers, 53; Canals, 54; Railroad, 54; Animals, 54; Birds, 55.
FROM MENDOZA TO SANTIAGO, AND BACK, BY THE PORTILLO PASS, AND RETURN HOME.
Leave Mendoza, 56; Lujan, 56; Singular phenomenon in the valley, 56; Tame ostriches, 57; Passports, 57; Arenales, 57; Singular water-fowl, 57; Vegetation, 58; Eastern portillo, 58; La Olla, 58; Fuel, 58; Valley of the Tunuyan, 59; Fate of a family caught in the valley, 59; Western portillo, 59; Path down, 60; Singular appearance of the head of the valley of the Yeso, 60; Barrier range, 60; Ladera de San Francisco, 61; Rio Maypu, 61; Prosperous condition of the country, 61; Contrast with the eastern side, 61; San José, 61; Ride to Santiago, 62; Another characteristic of Chile, 62; Return to San José, 62; Snow-storm at the Olla, 62; Lodgings in the mountains, 63; Pass the eastern portillo in a snow-storm, 63; Puna, 63; Invulnerability of arrieros, 64; Arrive at Mendoza, 64; Don Santiago Arcos, 64; Convention of Indians, 64; Information obtained from them, 64; Colonel Rivarola, 65; Execution of five men, 65; Boiling-point apparatus, 65; Set out for Santiago by the Uspallata pass, 65; Our party, 65; Villavicensio, 65; Uspallata, 65; Specimens of natural history, 65; Almost a disaster, 66; Cruppers not used, 66; Native mountains, 66; Adventure with a snake, 66; Goitre, 66; Expenses of the two trips across the mountains, 67; The maps, 67; Return home, 67; Table of distances by the post-road from Mendoza to Rosario, 68; Analysis of powder collected on the banks of the river Yeso, 68.
Description of the methods of observation, 69; Tables showing the latitudes, longitudes, and magnetical elements of each station between Santiago de Chile and Montevideo, 75, 76; Meteorological observations, 76--82.
MINERALS AND MINERAL WATERS OF CHILE.
BY PROF. J. LAWRENCE SMITH.
General idea of the geology of Chile: Distribution of minerals, 85.--Gold: Native gold, 87.--Copper: Native copper, 87; Red copper, 88, Capillary red copper, 88; Atacamite, 88; Copper glance, 89; Erubescite or purple copper, 89; Copper pyrites, 89; Arsenical grey copper, 90; Mercurial grey copper, 90; Antimonial grey copper, 90; Domeykite or arsenical grey
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copper, 91; Olivenite, arseniate of copper, 91; Chrysocolla, silicate of copper, 92; Azurite, blue carbonate of copper, 92; Malachite, green carbonate of copper, 92; Blue vitriol, sulphate of copper, 93; Volborthite, vanadate of copper and lead, 93; Remarks on the copper minerals, 93.--Silver: Native silver, 94; Silver glance, sulphuret of silver, 94; Sulphuret of silver and copper, 94; Ruby silver, 94; Antimonial silver, 95; Polybasite, 95; Bismuth silver, 95; Horn-silver, chloride of silver, 96; Bromic silver, 96; Embolite, chloro-bromide of silver, 96; Iodic silver, 96; Arquerite, 97; Remarks on the geology of the silver ores, 97.--Mercury: Cinnabar, 99.--Lead: Galena, 99; Mimetene, chloro-arsenate of lead, 99; Vanadinite, 99; Wulfenite, 99; Molybdenate of lead, 99.--Iron: Meteoric iron, 100; Magnetic oxide of iron, 100; Micaceous oxide of iron, 100; Gothite, 100; Pyrites, 101; Coquimbite, white copperas, 101; Copiapite, yellow copperas, 101; Arseniuret of iron, 101; Mispickel, 102; Carbonate of iron and manganese, 102.--Manganese: Oxide of manganese, 102.--Cobalt: Smaltene, arsenical cobalt, 102; Cobaltene, sulpho-arsenical cobalt, 102; Cobalt bloom, arseniate of cobalt, 103.--Nickel: Nickel glance, 103.--Bismuth: Native bismuth, 103.--Antimony: Native antimony, 103; White antimony, 104; Antimony glance, 104.--Arsenic: Native arsenic, 104.--Zinc: Blende, sulphuret of zinc, 104.--Miscellaneous minerals: Lapis lazuli, 104; Calcareous spar, 105; Dolomite, 105; Heavy spar, 105; Sulphate of baryta, 105; Asbestos, (green,) 105; Tungstate of lime, 105; Liguite, 105.--Mineral waters: From the baths of Apoquindo, 105; Colina, 106; Cauquenes, 106; Rio de Mendoza, 107.
INDIAN ANTIQUITIES.
BY THOMAS EWBANK.
Introductory remarks, 111; What we may learn of the past, 111.--Metallic implements of Peruvian origin found in Chile: Copper axe, 112; Copper chisel, 113; Long bronze knife, 114; A similar but larger implement, 114; Bronze circular-bladed knife, 114; Whetstone, 114.--Pottery from Peru: Unglazed ollas for holding liquids and boiling, 115; Stoppers or covers, 115; Evidence that these vessels were partially moulded, 116; Glazed and painted ware from Cuzco, 116.--Wooden ware, &c.: A wooden pipkin cut from a single block, 116; Its carving and imitations of hoops, 116; A spoon, 116; A bowl, 116; A calabash dipper or drinking-bowl, 116; A box for condiments or pigments, 117; Curious elliptical vessels, 117; A plaited rush-basket, 117; A neatly woven water-tight basket, 117; Small rods or sticks for unknown purposes, 117; An iron-stone quilley, 117; Bronze bodkin, 117; Primeval needle and its thread, 117; Ornamental cap of knitted or woven llama wool, 118; A sling, 118; Portion of the cere cloth, 118.--Contents of a box subsequently received, 118; Metallic knife-blade, 119; Fish-hooks, 119; Curious ornamented metallic implement for unknown purposes, 119; Carved mill, 120; Spindle for making thread, 120; Quivers of reed and arrows, 120; Primitive adze, 120; Basket bowl, 121; Earthenware vases, pitcher, and bowl, 121; Ornamented tankard, 121; Clothing of llamas' wool and other materials, 121; Slings, bags, netting, &c., 121; A skull, 122; Interest of primitive antiquities to the present generation, 122; Catalogue of antiquities in terra cotta, stone, bronze, silver, and gold, collected in the province of Cuzco and now at Rio de Janeiro, 125--130; Vase bust, 130; Head of the jaguar, 131; Flat bottles, 131; Vases, bottles, and drinking-cups, 132; Plates or shallow pipkins, 132; Vessels for unknown purposes, 133; Specimens in the cabinet of the Emperor of Brazil, 133; Utensils of stone and wood, possibly mortars or salt-cellars, 134; Other implements and utensils of wood and stone, 135; Crucibles, 136; Plasterers' trowel, 136; Hatchet, 137; Hammer, 137; Curious box, 137; Singular stone box, 137; Implements of silver, copper and bronze: Official baton, 138; Silver plates, 139; Bronze hair-pins, 139; Knife, 139; Small bell, 139; Small bell, 139; Axe or chopper, 139; War club or pointed mace, 139; Whistles, 140; Pincers or tweezers, 140; Figures of gold, silver, and champi: Human figures, 141, 142; Llamas, 142; Bag for carrying coca or tobacco, 142; Specimens of modern carving in wood, 143; Had the ancient Peruvians potter's wheels or lathes? 143; Distinctive marks for the male descendants of Manco Capac, 144; Style of cutting the hair, 144; Huge ear-ornaments, 144; The head-dress, 145; What sort of tools had they? 145; Their mode of producing hollow figures, 146; Casting, 147; Patterns of wax or other plastic material, 147; Gold, silver, and copper wire, 147; Iron most probably known in the ante-Incan era, 148; Extraordinary monoliths near Lake Titicaca, 148--150.
ZOOLOGY.
Introductory remarks on the animals brought home, 153; Felis concolor, 153; Canis magellanicus, 154; C. Azarae, 154; Galictis vittata, 155; Didelphys elegans, 155; Cavia australis, 156; Lagidium cuvieri, 156; Spalacopus poeppigii, 157; Myopotamus coypus, 157; Hesperomys, 158; Chlamyphorus truncatus, 158; Auchenia llama, 159--162; List of the Mammalia found in Chile, 163--171.
Sarcoramphus gryphus, 172; Cathartes jota, 172; C. atratus, 172; Polyborus tharus, 173; Morphnus unicinetus, 174; Milvago chimango, 174; Pontoætus melanoleucus, 174; Buteo erythronotus, 175; Elanus leucurus, 175; Circus cinereus, 175;
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C. macropterus, 175; Falco nigriceps, 176; Tinnunculus sparverius, 176; Hypotriorchis femoralis, 177; Strix perlata, 177; Bubo crassirostris, 177; Otus brachyotus, 177; Athene cunicularia, 178; Glaucidium nanum, 178; Psaracolius curæus, 178; Agelaius thilius, 179; Sturnella militaris, 179; Phrygilus fruticeti, 179; P. unicolor, 180; P. diuca, 180; P. gayi, 180; Zonotrichia matutina, 180; Crithagra luteiventris, 181; Chrysomitris atratus, 181; C. marginalis, 181; Calliste cyanicollis, 181; C. larvata, 182; C. gyroloides, 182; C. desmarestii, 182; Euphonia rufiventris, 182; Chlorophonia occipitalis, 182; Phytotoma rara, 183; Agriornis lividus, 183; Mimus thenca, 183; Merula falklandica, 183; M. fuscater, 184; Pteroptochus megapodius, 184; P. albicollis, 184; Lichenops erythropterus, 185; Tænioptera pyrope, 185; Ptyonura mentalis, 185; P. rufivertex, 186; Cyanotis omnicolor, 186; Stenopsis parvulus, 186; Trochilus gigas, 186; T. galeritus, 187; T. leucopleurus, 187; Cinclodes vulgaris, 187; C. nigrofumosus, 187; Uppucerthia dumetoria, 188; Ericornis melanura, 188; Synallaxis dorso naculata, 188; Scytalopus fuscus, 188; Conurus cyanolysios, 189; Psittacara leptorhyncha, 189; P. smaragdina, 189; Psittacus ochrocephalus, 189; Colaptes pitius, 190; Picus lignarius, 190; Columba araucana, 190; Zenaida aurita, 191; Columbina strepitans, 191; Thinocorus orbignyianus, 191; T. rumicivorus, 191; Attagis gayii, 192; Nothura perdicaria, 192; Ardea cocoi, 192; Egretta galatea, 193; E. thula, 193; Nycticorax gardeni, 193; Boutaurus exilis, 194; Scolopax paraguayæ, 194; Rhynchoea semicollaris, 194; Numenius hudsonicus, 194; Calidris arenaria, 194; Pelidna pectoralis, 195; Hiaticula trifasciata, 195; H. azaræ, 195; Vanellus cayannensis, 195; Rallus cæsius, 195 Gallinula crassirostris, 196; Himantopus nigricollis, 196; Fulica chilensis, 196; Ciconia pillus, 196; Ibis melanopis, 197; I. guarauna, 197; Platalea ajaja, 197; Hæmatopus palliatus, 197; H. ater, 198; Phoenicopterus ignipalliatus, 198; P. andinus, 198--200; Cygnus nigricollis, 200; Bernicla antarctica, 200; B. magellanica, 201; B. melanoptera, 201; Mareca chiloensis, 201; Anas oxyura, 202; Anas specularis, 202; A. melanocephala, 202; Querquedula cyanoptera, 202; Q. versicolor, 203; Q. creccoides, 203; Dafila bahamensis, 203; Fuligula metopias, 204; Erismatura ferruginea, 204; Merganetta armata, 204; Larus glaucodes, 204; L. dominicanus, 204; L. bridgesii, 205; Podiceps leucopterus, 205; Podilymbus brevirostris, 205; Phalacrocorax brasilianus, 205; P. gaimardi, 206; Pelecanus thagus, 206.
Batrachia: Family of Raniæ, 207; Genus Cystignathus, Wagl., 207; Cystignathus tæniatus, Grd., 207; Family of Hylidæ, 208; Genus Phyllobates, Dum. & B., 208; Phyllobates auratus, Grd., 209.--Ophidia: Family of Viperidæ, 209; Genus Elaps, Schn., 209; Elaps nigrocinetus, Grd., 210; Family of Oxycephalidæ, 211; Genus Dryophis, Fitz., 211; Dryophis vittatatus, Grd., 211; Family of Colubridæ, 213; Genus Tachymenis, Wiegm., 213; Tachymenis chilensis, Grd., 213; Genus Tæniophis, Grd., 215; Tæniophis tantillus, 215.--Sauria: Family of Stellionidæ, 217; Genus Proctotretus, Dum. & B., 217; Proctotretus tenuis, Dum. & B., 217; Proctotretus femoratus, Grd., 219; Proctotretus stantoni, Grd., 221; Family of Lacertidæ, 223; Genus Aporomera Dum. & B., 223; Aporomera ornata, Dum. & B., 223; Genus Cnemidophorus, Wagl., 226; Cnemidophorus præsignis, B. & G., 227.
Family of Percidæ, Genus Percichthys, Grd., 231; Percichthys chilensis, Grd., 231; Percichthys melanops, Grd., 233; Genus Percilia, Grd., 235; Percilia gillissi, Grd., 236; Family of Atherinidæ, 237; Genus Basilichthys, Grd., 238; Basilichthys microlepidotus, Grd., 238; Family of Siluridæ, 240; Genus Nematogenys, Grd., 240; Nematogenys inermis, Grd., 240; Genus Thrichomycterus, (Humb.) Valenc., 242; Thrichomycterus maculatus, Cuv. and Val., 243; Thrichomycterus macræi, 245; Family of Clupeidæ, 245; Genus Alosa, Cuv., 245; Alosa musica, Grd., 246; Genus Engraulis, Cuv., 247; Engraulis pulchellus, Grd., 247; Family of Characini, 249; Genus Cheirodon, Grd., 249; Cheirodon pisciculus, Grd., 249; Family of Myxinoidea, 251; Genus Bdellostoma, Müll., 251; Bdellostoma polytrema, Grd., 252.
Cenobitidæ Ægleidæ, 254; Æglea lævis, Leach, 255; Æ Æglea denticulata, 255; Æ Æglea intermedia, 255; Palæmonidæ Alpheinæ, 258; Rhynchocinetes typus, Edw., 259.
List of Shells brought home by the U. S. N. Astronomical Expedition, by Aug. A. Gould, 263.
List of the Dried Plants, by Asa Gray, 267--269.
List of the Living Plants and Seeds, by Wm. D. Brackenridge, 270, 271.
Fossil Mammals.--Description of the lower jaw of Mastodon Andium, also of a tooth and fragment of the femur of a Mastodon from Lake Tagua-Tagua, by Jeffries Wyman, 275--281.
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Remarks on the secondary fossils, 282; Terebratulæ: Subexcavata, 282; Meridionalis, 282; Subtetrædra, 282; Ostrea: Irregularis, 283; Gregaria, 283; Pecten: Alatus, 283; Lithotrochus: Andii, 283; Belemnites: Chilensis, 284; Recent formation of Copiapó, 284; List of shells in the recent formation along the line of the Copiapó railroad, 284; Tertiary shells of Chile, 285; Perna: Chilensis, 285; Ostrea: Copiapina, 285; Laxicava: Calderensis, 286. By T. A. Conrad.
An account of the locality where the meteoric iron is found in Atacama, translated from a memoir by Dr. Philippi to the University of Chile, and published in the "Anales de la Universidad, 1854," 287--289.
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